Ashwin Dua

About Ashwin Dua

Ashwin is a content writer who has written several content types and has worked with clients like IRCTC, Hero Cycles, and Fortis Healthcare, among others.

Cloud Services

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: Explaining the Key Differences

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: IaaS provides computing infrastructure including servers and storage. SaaS helps in outsourcing the entire technology stack. PaaS…

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: What’s the difference? IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS have gained tremendous popularity in recent years owing to the benefits they offer businesses of all sizes. These cloud computing service models provide organizations with cost-effective, scalable, and flexible solutions that can be tailored to their specific needs.

In this blog post, we will explore the key differences between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS, their key characteristics, pros and cons, use cases, key differences, and examples. We will also discuss when to use each service to help you make informed decisions for your business.

Let’s get started.

What are IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

Let’s understand the basics.

What is IaaS?

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) is a cloud computing service model that provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. In this model, a third-party provider hosts hardware, software, servers, storage, and other infrastructure components on behalf of its users. IaaS is highly scalable and allows businesses to purchase resources on-demand, making it an ideal solution for temporary, experimental, or changing workloads.

Also, read: Infrastructure as Code (IaC): A Beginner’s Guide 2024

What is PaaS?

PaaS (Platform as a Service) is a cloud computing service model that provides a platform for developers to build, test, and deploy applications without worrying about the underlying infrastructure. PaaS includes tools, libraries, and services that enable developers to create and manage applications more efficiently. This model allows businesses to focus on developing their applications while the PaaS provider takes care of infrastructure management.

What is SaaS?

SaaS (Software as a Service) is a cloud computing service model that delivers software applications over the Internet. With SaaS, users can access software applications through a web browser, eliminating the need for installing and maintaining software on individual devices. SaaS providers manage the underlying infrastructure, ensuring that the applications are always up-to-date and available.

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: Characteristics

Characteristics of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS

Now that we’ve covered the basics, let’s understand the key characteristics of each.

IaaS Characteristics

The key characteristics of IaaS include

Scalability: IaaS offers on-demand resources, allowing businesses to scale up or down as needed.
Cost-effective: Users only pay for the resources they consume, reducing upfront costs.
Customization: IaaS provides a high level of control over the infrastructure, enabling businesses to tailor their environment to their specific needs.
Security: IaaS providers typically offer robust security measures, including firewalls, intrusion detection, and encryption.

PaaS Characteristics

The key characteristics of PaaS include:

Developer tools: PaaS includes a suite of tools and services designed to streamline application development and deployment.
Middleware: PaaS provides middleware services, such as database management, messaging, and caching, to support application development.
Scalability: PaaS platforms can automatically scale resources to accommodate changing workloads.
Collaboration: PaaS enables developers to collaborate on projects more easily, as they can access the same tools and resources from anywhere.

SaaS Characteristics

The key characteristics of SaaS include:

Accessibility: SaaS applications are accessible from any device with an internet connection, making them ideal for remote work.
Automatic updates: SaaS providers handle software updates, ensuring that users always have access to the latest features and security patches.
Subscription-based pricing: SaaS typically uses a subscription pricing model, allowing businesses to pay for only the features they need.
Integration: SaaS applications often integrate with other cloud services, streamlining workflows and data sharing.

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: Pros and Cons

IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS: Pros and Cons

In order to understand these cloud computing service models better, it’s essential to make a note of their pros and cons.

IaaS Pros and Cons

Pros:

Flexibility: IaaS offers businesses the flexibility to scale resources up or down as needed.
Cost savings: IaaS eliminates the need for businesses to invest in and maintain their own hardware, reducing capital expenses.
Control: IaaS provides businesses with control over their infrastructure, allowing them to customize their environment to meet their specific needs.

Cons:

Management: IaaS requires businesses to manage their infrastructure, which can be time-consuming and complex.
Security: While IaaS providers offer security measures, businesses are still responsible for securing their applications and data.

PaaS Pros and Cons

Pros:

Faster development: PaaS provides tools and services that streamline application development, enabling developers to build and deploy applications more quickly.
Reduced complexity: PaaS abstracts the underlying infrastructure, allowing developers to focus on writing code rather than managing servers and networks.
Cost savings: PaaS eliminates the need for businesses to invest in and maintain their own development infrastructure.

Cons:

Limited customization: PaaS platforms may not offer the same level of customization as IaaS, which can be a drawback for businesses with unique requirements.
Vendor lock-in: Businesses may become dependent on a specific PaaS provider, making it difficult to switch platforms or migrate applications.

SaaS Pros and Cons

Pros:

Ease of use: SaaS applications are easy to use and require no installation or maintenance, making them ideal for businesses with limited IT resources.
Cost savings: SaaS eliminates the need for businesses to invest in and maintain their own software, reducing capital expenses.
Automatic updates: SaaS providers handle software updates, ensuring that users always have access to the latest features and security patches.

Cons:

Limited customization: SaaS applications may not offer the same level of customization as IaaS or PaaS, which can be a drawback for businesses with unique requirements.
Data security: While SaaS providers typically offer robust security measures, businesses must still trust the provider to protect their sensitive data.

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: Use Cases and Examples

Here are some of the most common examples of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS

IaaS Use Cases and Examples

Big data analysis: IaaS provides the scalable resources needed to process and analyze large datasets, making it ideal for big data projects. Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2.
Backup and disaster recovery: IaaS enables businesses to store backups and implement disaster recovery solutions in the cloud, ensuring data protection and business continuity. Example: Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines.

Also, read: Azure vs AWS: Which is Better?

Web hosting: IaaS provides the infrastructure needed to host websites and web applications, offering scalability and flexibility. Example: Google Cloud Compute Engine.

PaaS Use Cases and Examples

Application development: PaaS provides a platform for developers to build, test, and deploy applications quickly and efficiently. Example: Heroku.
Internet of Things (IoT) development: PaaS offers tools and services that support IoT development, enabling businesses to create and manage connected devices. Example: IBM Watson IoT Platform.
Microservices architecture development: PaaS supports the development and deployment of microservices, allowing businesses to build modular, scalable applications. Example: Red Hat OpenShift.

SaaS Use Cases and Examples

Customer relationship management (CRM): SaaS CRM solutions enable businesses to manage customer data, track interactions, and analyze customer behavior. Example: Salesforce.
Project management: SaaS project management tools help teams collaborate, track progress, and manage resources more effectively. Example: Trello.
Human resources management (HRM): SaaS HRM solutions streamline HR processes, such as recruiting, onboarding, and benefits administration. Example: Workday.

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: When to Use IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

When to use IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

Each of these cloud computing service models has different use cases. Let’s take a look at them one by one.

When to use IaaS:

When businesses require a high level of control over their infrastructure.
When businesses need to scale resources up or down quickly to accommodate changing workloads.
When businesses want to reduce capital expenses by outsourcing hardware and infrastructure management.

When to use PaaS:

When businesses want to streamline application development and deployment.
When businesses need a platform that supports collaboration among developers.
When businesses want to reduce the complexity of managing infrastructure.

When to use SaaS:

When businesses require easy-to-use software applications that are accessible from any device.
When businesses want to eliminate the need for software installation and maintenance.
When businesses prefer a subscription-based pricing model that allows them to pay for only the features they need.

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: Key Differences

The key differences between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS can be understood by comparing them across various parameters. Here, we will discuss 10 different parameters to highlight the distinctions between these cloud computing service models.

Service Model: IaaS provides virtualized computing resources, PaaS offers a platform for application development, and SaaS delivers software applications over the Internet.
Infrastructure Management: IaaS users are responsible for managing their infrastructure, while PaaS and SaaS users rely on the provider for infrastructure management.
Application Development: IaaS does not include tools for application development, whereas PaaS provides a suite of tools and services for developers. SaaS focuses on delivering ready-to-use applications.
Scalability: All three models offer scalability, but IaaS provides the most control over resource allocation, while PaaS and SaaS handle scaling automatically based on user demand.
Customization: IaaS offers the highest level of customization, allowing users to tailor their infrastructure to their needs. PaaS offers some customization options, while SaaS typically has the least customization capabilities.
Cost Structure: IaaS follows a pay-as-you-go model, where users pay for the resources they consume. PaaS usually has a subscription-based pricing model, with different tiers based on resource usage. SaaS also uses a subscription-based pricing model, with plans based on features and the number of users.
Security: IaaS users are responsible for securing their applications and data, while PaaS and SaaS providers handle most security aspects, including infrastructure and application security.
User Responsibility: IaaS users are responsible for managing their infrastructure, including servers, storage, and networking. PaaS users focus on application development and deployment, while SaaS users only need to manage their data and settings within the application.
Deployment Speed: IaaS deployment can be time-consuming, as users need to set up and configure their infrastructure. PaaS enables faster deployment, as the platform is already set up for development. SaaS offers the quickest deployment, as users can access applications immediately through a web browser.
Vendor Lock-in: IaaS users can easily migrate their infrastructure to another provider, while PaaS users may face challenges due to platform-specific tools and services. SaaS users may experience the most vendor lock-in, as migrating data and settings between applications can be complex.

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS Diagram

To visualize the differences between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS, imagine a three-layered diagram:

IaaS: The bottom layer represents the infrastructure, including hardware, servers, storage, and networking components.
PaaS: The middle layer represents the platform, including tools, libraries, and services that support application development.
SaaS: The top layer represents the software applications that users access through a web browser.

SaaS vs PaaS vs IaaS diagram

Summary

In summary, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are three distinct cloud computing service models that offer businesses various levels of control, customization, and management. By understanding the key differences between these models, their characteristics, pros and cons, use cases, and examples, businesses can make informed decisions about which cloud service is best suited to their needs.

If you’re looking to hire developers skilled in IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS, try Turing. Hire the top 1% of the 3 million developers in Turing’s talent pool in just 4 days.

FAQs

What is the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?
IaaS provides virtualized computing resources, PaaS offers a platform for application development, and SaaS delivers software applications over the Internet. IaaS users manage their infrastructure, PaaS users focus on application development, and SaaS users only need to manage their data and settings within the application.
How do I choose between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS for my business?
Consider your business requirements, the level of control and customization you need, and your IT resources. Choose IaaS if you need control over infrastructure, PaaS for streamlined application development, and SaaS for ready-to-use applications with minimal management.
What are the cost structures for IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?
IaaS follows a pay-as-you-go model based on resource usage, PaaS uses subscription-based tiered pricing, and SaaS offers subscription-based pricing based on features and the number of users.
How do IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS handle scalability?
All three models offer scalability, but IaaS provides the most control over resource allocation, while PaaS and SaaS handle scaling automatically based on user demand.
Are IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS secure?
IaaS users are responsible for securing their applications and data, while PaaS and SaaS providers handle most security aspects, including infrastructure and application security. However, businesses should still evaluate the security measures provided by their chosen cloud service provider.
What are some examples of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS providers?
IaaS examples include Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2 and Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines. PaaS examples are Heroku and Red Hat OpenShift. SaaS examples include Salesforce and Trello.
Can I use a combination of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS for my business?
Yes, many businesses use a hybrid approach, combining different cloud service models to meet their specific needs. For example, a company might use IaaS for its infrastructure, PaaS for application development, and SaaS for specific software applications.
What is vendor lock-in, and how does it affect IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS users?
Vendor lock-in occurs when a business becomes dependent on a specific provider, making it difficult to switch platforms or migrate applications. IaaS users can more easily migrate their infrastructure, while PaaS users may face challenges due to platform-specific tools. SaaS users may experience the most vendor lock-in, as migrating data and settings between applications can be complex.
How do IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS impact deployment speed?
IaaS deployment can be time-consuming, as users need to set up and configure their infrastructure. PaaS enables faster deployment, as the platform is already set up for development. SaaS offers the quickest deployment, as users can access applications immediately through a web browser.
What are the main advantages of using cloud services like IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?
Cloud services offer numerous benefits, including cost savings, scalability, flexibility, and reduced IT management. IaaS provides control over infrastructure, PaaS streamlines application development, and SaaS delivers ready-to-use applications with minimal management.

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By Ashwin Dua, Sanika ● Oct 1, 2023

Software Comparisons

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: A Detailed Comparison

Angular Material vs Bootstrap, what should you choose as your front-end library? Here’s a detailed comparison between the two. Angular Material is a component.

Great websites have excellent user interfaces and offer a user experience of the highest quality. Front-end tools like Angular Material and Bootstrap are necessary to create a high-functioning and responsive website. So, which is better in the Angular Material vs Bootstrap battle? Can I use Bootstrap for Angular? Is Angular Material good for mobile applications? This blog post will help you answer all these questions. Keep reading.

Table of Contents:

What is Angular Material?
What is Bootstrap?
What is the difference between Angular and Angular Material?
Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Can these two be used together?
Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Let’s compare the two
Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Practical use cases comparison
Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Which one to choose on the basis of performance and speed?
Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Which one is better for accessibility and internationalization?
Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Which is better?
FAQs

What is Angular Material?

Angular Material is a user interface module that offers pre-built component collections for frameworks like Vue.js, Angular, and React among others. The Angular Material component library offers components like input sliders, checkboxes, toolbar, site navigation patterns, buttons, and data tables to make responsive websites and applications.

What is Bootstrap?

Bootstrap is an intuitive and open-source CSS framework that helps build attractive web pages and mobile applications. CSS frameworks consist of several ready-to-use stylesheets by web developers. Bootstrap offers an array of HTML and CSS designs and pre-styled components like dropdowns, badges alert, progress bars, and navigation patterns.

What is the difference between Angular and Angular Material?

AngularJS is a JavaScript framework, whereas Angular Material is a User Interface module. Google introduced a design language called Material in 2014 which was later affixed to Angular JS. In 2016, Google built Angular’s code from scratch using Typescript and integrated the design language Material as Angular Material.

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Can these two be used together?

Can I use Angular Material and Bootstrap together?

Yes, you can use parts of Angular Material and Bootstrap together in the same web or mobile project. Developers need to be careful not to use the same components, which can clash.

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Let’s compare the two

Angular Material vs Bootstrap

Unique components
Angular Material and Bootstrap offer a variety of unique components for great website design. The unique components of Angular Material are not found in Bootstrap and vice-versa.

Angular Material offers unique components like a date picker, slider, grid list, toolbar, icon, snack bar, progress spinner, chips, stepper, and sort header.

On the other hand, Bootstrap offers unique components like a carousel, collapse, scroll spy, breadcrumb, jumbotron, and popovers.
Card
In Angular Material and Bootstrap, a card is an entry point for varying items like photos, text, and links for UI design. The card serves as a container for different items related to a single subject.

Bootstrap offers different color options, whereas Angular Material provides a plain card.
Dialog or Modal
Dialogs in Angular Material or Modals in Bootstrap refer to plugins that help users add information or choose from multiple options.

In Angular Material, dialogs help edit present data to pass it to the dialog component. The dialog configuration object utilizes the data property to pass the data.

Bootstrap uses modals that offer customizable, responsive pop-ups and lightboxes. Videos, alerts, images, and animations can be inside modals.
Menu or Navbar
Menu in Angular Material or Navbar in Bootstrap help builds effective navigation for your website or mobile application.

Angular Material offers a menu that contains an extensive toolbar and an exceptional sidebar. Developers can attach the menu with different controls and utilize styling and animation options as required.

Navbar in Bootstrap is a collapsible and extendable item that can do so as per the screen size. Developers who want to achieve responsive navigation can do so easily with Navbar.
Expansion panel
The expansion panel displays the content summary inside the panel. Developers can choose the content and design format of the panel.

The Expansion Panel in Angular Material is according to the latest user interface design and presents a complete summary to users.

In Bootstrap, the expansion panel is in a collapsible format that needs some CSS styling improvements to be in sync with the latest design.
Application architecture
Application architecture refers to the tools, patterns, and designs that help you build and design an application.

Angular Material offers a layered architecture with all components attached to core functionalities. Developers can choose single components or bundle components together for their applications.

Bootstrap architecture is a view-view-controller type as it uses two components namely the logic layer and the view layer. Developers can choose from the twelve components of the logic layer and the six modules of the view layer. Also, Bootstrap supports the MVC architecture design pattern for web pages.
Responsive-oriented approach
In the responsive-oriented approach, the website design goes through dynamic changes as per the screen size and device orientation.

Bootstrap supports a responsive-oriented approach, whereas Angular Material does not support a responsive design approach.

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Practical use cases comparison

Bootstrap and Angular Material are both powerful frameworks, each with its own strengths and ideal use cases. Understanding the practical scenarios where these frameworks excel can help remote software developers make informed decisions when choosing the right tool for their projects.

E-commerce Platforms:
When to use Bootstrap: Bootstrap’s large library of pre-built components and responsive grid structure make it a good choice for creating e-commerce platforms. Its ready-to-use UI elements, such as navigation menus, carousels, and forms, are simply customizable to meet the branding and design needs of online retailers.

When to use Angular Material: Angular Material’s material design philosophy and pre-designed components provide a visually appealing and consistent user interface for e-commerce platforms. Its user interface components, including as cards, menus, and sliders, have a modern look and feel, which improves the user experience.
Content Management Systems (CMS):
When to use Bootstrap: Bootstrap’s flexibility and modular approach make it well-suited for developing content management systems. Its grid system allows developers to create responsive layouts that adapt to various screen sizes, providing an optimal viewing experience for managing and displaying content.

When to use Angular Material: Angular Material’s clean and intuitive design language makes it an ideal choice for building content management systems interfaces. Its cohesive set of components, such as tables, forms, and dialog boxes, streamline the content management process and contribute to a seamless user experience.
Data Visualization Tools:
When to use Bootstrap: Bootstrap can be leveraged to create visually appealing and interactive data visualization tools. Its responsive grid system combined with custom CSS and JavaScript libraries, such as D3.js or Chart.js, allows developers to build dynamic charts, graphs, and dashboards that effectively communicate complex data.

When to use Angular Material: Angular Material’s robust set of UI components, including charts and data tables, simplify the development of data visualization tools. With Angular Material, developers can easily incorporate interactive visualizations and data-driven components into their applications.
Enterprise Applications:
When to use Bootstrap: Bootstrap’s extensive community support and availability of themes make it a popular choice for developing enterprise applications. Its wide range of components and plugins, coupled with its responsive design, enable the creation of feature-rich and user-friendly interfaces for various enterprise needs, such as dashboards, CRM systems, or project management tools.

When to use Angular Material: Angular Material’s modular architecture and consistent design language make it well-suited for building enterprise applications with complex workflows. Its comprehensive set of components, like data tables, form controls, and modals, provide a cohesive user experience and can be easily customized to meet specific business requirements.

By considering these practical use cases, remote software developers can evaluate whether Bootstrap or Angular Material is the more suitable framework for their particular project requirements. It is important to assess factors such as design flexibility, component ecosystem, performance, and community support when making the decision, ultimately ensuring the successful implementation of the chosen framework.

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Which one to choose on the basis of performance and speed?

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Performance and speed

Several aspects come into play when comparing the performance and loading time of Bootstrap vs Angular Material, which can affect the overall speed and efficiency of a website. Here are some essential factors to consider while comparing the performance of both frameworks:

File Size: The size of each framework’s CSS and JavaScript files can have a considerable impact on loading speeds. Bootstrap includes a large number of CSS and JavaScript files that span a wide variety of components and functionalities. Angular Material, on the other hand, takes a more modular approach, allowing developers to include only the components that are required, lowering total file size.
Network Requests: The number of network requests required to fetch CSS, JavaScript, and other assets affects the loading speed. Bootstrap typically requires separate requests for each CSS and JavaScript file, while Angular Material can be bundled and optimized using build tools like Angular CLI, resulting in fewer network requests.
Rendering Efficiency: The rendering efficiency of the frameworks can impact the time it takes to render the user interface and make it interactive. Angular Material is built specifically for Angular applications, leveraging the power of Angular’s change detection and optimization mechanisms, which can lead to efficient rendering. Bootstrap, being a more general-purpose framework, may not have the same level of optimization for rendering efficiency.
Caching: Browser caching can improve subsequent page loads by storing static assets locally. Both Bootstrap and Angular Material can take advantage of browser caching, allowing returning users to experience faster load times after the initial visit.

Also, read Cache-Control Headers and Their Use Cases You Must Know!

Minification and Compression: Minifying and compressing CSS and JavaScript files can significantly reduce their size, resulting in faster loading times. Both Bootstrap and Angular Material offer minified versions of their files, which should be used in production to optimize performance.

It’s important to note that the actual performance and loading speed of a web application built with Bootstrap or Angular Material depends on various factors, including the specific implementation, server configuration, network conditions, and the overall complexity of the application.

To determine which framework performs better in a specific scenario, it is recommended to conduct performance tests using tools like Lighthouse, PageSpeed Insights, or web browser developer tools. These tools can provide insights into metrics such as First Contentful Paint (FCP), Time to Interactive (TTI), and Total Blocking Time (TBT), giving a more accurate comparison of performance between Bootstrap and Angular Material.

Also, read: What Is Cross-Browser Compatibility Testing? What Are Its Best Practices?

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Which one is better for accessibility and internationalization?

Angular Material vs Bootstrap accessibility and Internationalization comparison

When comparing Bootstrap and Angular Material in terms of accessibility and internationalization, it’s essential to consider the features and support offered by each framework to create inclusive and globally accessible web applications. Here’s a comparison of both frameworks in these aspects:

Accessibility:

Accessibility Guidelines: Bootstrap follows the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 standards and strives to ensure its components are accessible. It provides appropriate ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles, attributes, and keyboard navigation support for interactive elements. However, the level of accessibility compliance may vary depending on how components are customized and implemented.
Angular Material Accessibility: Angular Material also aims to meet WCAG 2.0 standards and provides accessibility features out of the box. It includes ARIA support, keyboard navigation, and adheres to high contrast and color contrast standards. Angular Material components have built-in accessibility features, but developers should ensure proper usage and configuration.
Keyboard Navigation: Both frameworks support keyboard navigation for users who rely on assistive technologies or have motor disabilities. Bootstrap provides basic keyboard navigation for its components, while Angular Material emphasizes keyboard accessibility by incorporating focus management and intuitive navigation within components.
Customization and ARIA Attributes: Both frameworks allow customization of their components, which gives developers the flexibility to apply appropriate ARIA attributes and ensure proper accessibility. However, developers need to be mindful of maintaining accessibility standards while customizing components to avoid unintentionally introducing accessibility barriers.

Internationalization (i18n):

Internationalization Support: Angular Material has built-in support for internationalization (i18n) through Angular’s i18n features. It provides mechanisms for translating components, handling pluralization, and managing locale-specific formatting and date/time formatting. Angular’s i18n features allow developers to create multilingual applications easily.
Bootstrap and i18n: Bootstrap, being a CSS-based framework, does not have built-in i18n support. However, it can be used in conjunction with JavaScript-based i18n libraries or frameworks like Angular, React, or Vue.js to handle internationalization aspects.
Localization of Components: Angular Material offers localization support by providing translations for its components in different languages. This helps developers create applications that cater to users from different linguistic backgrounds without having to manually translate the components.
Right-to-Left (RTL) Support: Both Bootstrap and Angular Material offer RTL support, allowing developers to create applications for languages that are read from right to left. RTL support ensures proper layout and alignment of components, providing a seamless user experience for RTL language speakers.

It’s important to note that while both frameworks provide some level of accessibility and internationalization support, developers are responsible for implementing these features correctly. Adhering to best practices, including proper usage of ARIA attributes, semantic markup, focus management, and localization techniques, is crucial to ensure the highest level of accessibility and internationalization in web applications built with either Bootstrap or Angular Material.

Additionally, when aiming for accessibility and internationalization, it’s recommended to conduct thorough testing and consider involving users with disabilities and people from different cultural backgrounds to obtain feedback and ensure an inclusive user experience.

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Which is better?

As you know by now, Angular Material and Bootstrap are popular front-end frameworks for web application development. Angular Material is designed for use with Angular and follows Google’s Material Design principles. It offers pre-built UI components, theming, accessibility, and internationalization, making it suitable for enterprise applications. Bootstrap, on the other hand, is framework-agnostic and provides a wide range of CSS and JavaScript components. It has a larger community, more flexibility for customization, and is suitable for various project sizes.

The choice between this Angular Material vs Bootstrap battle depends on the specific needs of the project. If you are developing an Angular application and prioritize adherence to Material Design principles, Angular Material would be the preferred choice. It provides a consistent and polished UI, along with extensive Angular integration. On the other hand, if you require a framework that is framework-agnostic and provides a larger community and more flexibility in terms of customization, Bootstrap would be a better fit.

Ultimately, the decision should be based on the project requirements, design preferences, and familiarity with the frameworks. Both Angular Material and Bootstrap have their strengths and can be excellent choices for different types of projects.

Are you an experienced Bootstrap or Angular Material developer looking for a job?

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Angular Material vs Bootstrap: FAQs

Which applications use Bootstrap?
Some of the popular applications that use Bootstrap are PayPal, WhatsApp, Lyft, Etsy, Apple maps connect, Upwork, and Duolingo among others.
Which popular applications use Angular Material?
Popular applications that use Angular Material are Gmail, Asana, Momondo, and Airbnb among others.
Is Angular Material easy?
Developers familiar with the Angular framework can easily utilize the components of Angular Material.
Is Bootstrap like WordPress?
Bootstrap is a front-end framework that helps with the user interface and website design. WordPress provides both front-end and back-end tools to create a website.
What are some Bootstrap alternatives?
Some of the Bootstrap alternatives are Tailwind CSS, Material-UI, Semantic UI, Foundation, Bulma, UIKit, etc.
What are some Angular Material alternatives?
Some Angular Material alternatives are PrimeNG, Clarity, NG-ZORRO, Onsen UI, etc.

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By Ashwin Dua, Ritvik Gupta ● Jun 7, 2023

Software Comparisons

Black Box Testing vs White Box Testing: Understanding Key Differences

Black Box Testing vs White Box Testing: Black box testing is the process of checking how software behaves, whereas white box testing checks how different ……

What is the difference between black box testing vs white box testing? What are common black box testing techniques? What are common white box testing techniques? What are the steps to perform black box testing? What are the different types of white box testing?

Let’s answer all these questions one by one.

What is black box testing?

Black box testing is a testing method wherein the testing team does not know about the internal structure and design of an application. This testing happens by comparing the input value and output value.

Black box testing focuses on understanding user experience and happens post-completion of software applications or products.

What are the steps to perform black box testing?

Steps to perform black box testing include…

Examine system requirements and specifications
Create a positive test scenario to check if the system processes requests correctly
Create a negative test scenario to check the system’s capability to identify issues
Determine expected outputs for all inputs
Construct and execute test cases
Compare outputs with inputs
Validate the right results and fix persisting issues

What is white box testing?

White box testing is a testing method wherein the testing team examines the internal structure and design of an application. With white box testing, the team checks the data flow from input to output.

White box testing focuses on finding hidden errors and optimizing code for a more efficient software application or product.

What are the steps to perform white box testing?

Steps to perform white box testing include….

Identification of component, feature, or program for testing
Mapping all possible paths in a flow chart
Integrating user journey, use cases, and technical information in a flow chart
Writing test cases to cover each path in the flow chart
Testing and checking whether you get the desired outcomes

Related Post: 10 Popular Software Testing Trends in 2024

Black box testing vs white box testing: Key differences

Key differences between black box testing and white box testing

What are some common black box testing techniques?

Common black box testing techniques include …

Equivalence partitioning
Equivalence partitioning divides data into partitions of valid and invalid values wherein the partitions exhibit the same behavior. If a condition of one partition is false, then the condition of the other partition should also be false, and vice-versa.

For example, if you create a software function that accepts 6 digits to verify an OTP, then each partition of that function with six digits should be able to check the value. Also, if you enter more or less than six digits, the function should direct the user to the error page.
Error guessing
Yet another popular black box testing technique is error guessing. This technique involves identifying problematic areas of software with common testing questions. There is no specific method of error guessing. The tester must rely on their experience and test cases for other applications.

Some of the common error-guessing questions include…

Null pointer exceptions
Entering invalid parameters
Dividing by zero
Uploading maximum files to test file limit
Checking buttons without entering values
Blank space in text fields
Boundary value analysis
Boundary value analysis is among the necessary black box testing techniques that check boundary values that are prone to error. The tester checks whether the software produces the correct output upon entering the boundary value.
State transition testing
State transition testing uses inputs to check for the desired output. The objective of state transition testing is to see if there is a change in the system during the transition from one state to another.

The tester must analyze transition data and design test cases to probe what happens when the system transitions from one state to another and does not give desired outputs.
Decision table testing
Decision table testing tests the software system for outcomes produced by different input combinations. By using decision table testing, you can check all the possible conditions necessary for generating the desired output.

Decision table testing is a popular black box testing technique.

What are some common white box testing techniques?

Common white box testing techniques include …

Statement coverage testing
Statement coverage is code inclusion testing that calculates the number of explanations implemented in the source code of an application. Also, it ensures that all statements in the code run at least once.

By using statement coverage as one of your white box testing techniques, you can eliminate dead code and uncover unused statements.

The formula of statement coverage is as follows:

Number of statements implemented / Total number of statements
Branch coverage testing
The next white box testing technique is the branch coverage testing method. In this technique, the tester identifies all conditional and unconditional branches. Also, the tester ensures that each branch has conditional logic and undergoes unit tests.

For example, A, B, and C are conditional branches if the system implements them upon meeting a condition, whereas D can be an unconditional branch that the system executes every time after executing A.

The formula of branch coverage is as follows:

Number of branches implemented / Total number of branches
Path coverage testing
Path coverage testing is a structured process that allows the tester to check each line of code. Path testing helps focus on program logic as you can check vital parts of code through cyclomatic complexity and unit tests.

For example, in this code below,

If a > b
// do something
Else
// do nothing

In the above code, the tester will first create a flow diagram by breaking the code into separate statements. After that, the tester will create different paths for outcomes. Finally, the tester will calculate cyclomatic complexity and run a unit test to validate codes.

In the example, the cyclomatic complexity is 2, as a minimum of 2 test cases are necessary to cover all code execution paths.

Related Post: Unit Testing vs Integration Testing: 4 Key Differences Explained

Summary

Black box testing focuses on software behavior, whereas white box testing focuses on the internal functioning of the software. Testers require both testing methods at different stages of product development.

So, organizations must carefully understand the differences between black box testing and white box testing to choose the best testing method for their applications and software.

Are you looking to hire developers familiar with black-box testing and white-box testing?

Try Turing.

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FAQs

1. What are the different types of white box testing?

Different types of white box testing include…

White box penetration testing – In this method, an ethical hacker attacks an application based on knowledge of its code and design.
Unit testing – Unit testing tests all written code to see if it works as expected.
Mutation testing – Mutation testing checks code resilience by making small changes to the code structure.
Integration testing – This method checks integration points in the internal software and external systems.
Static code analysis – This method uses machine learning and predefined patterns to identify issues in static codes.

2. What are the different types of black box testing?

Different types of black box testing include….

Functional testing – Functional testing validates software against functional requirements and specifications.
Non-functional testing – Non-functional testing checks how the system operates rather than the specific functions of the system.
Regression testing – Regression testing checks whether a system behaves differently after updates or code improvements.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Nov 29, 2022

25 Scrum master interview questions and answers

Skills, Interviews, and Jobs

Beginner Scrum Master interview questions

What is Scrum?
Scrum is an agile framework used by cross-functional teams to organize tasks, goals, and other project-related objectives. Scrum helps you break large and complex projects into small tasks that different teams can work on. Scrum reduces the turnaround time to complete a task and helps teams achieve shorter cycles for project delivery.
What are the features of Scrum?
Features of Scrum include…
- Better visibility
- Higher transparency
- Iterative releases
- Continuous improvement
- Fast adaptation to change
- Accelerated execution of ideas
- Satisfied customers
What are the different roles in Scrum?
There are three different roles in Scrum that include Scrum master, product owner, and development team.
- Scrum Master
  A Scrum master is responsible for managing the Scrum team efficiently. This includes keeping the team on track, scheduling meetings, and performance reviews. The Scrum master can easily manage various teams of different organizations and keep a close check on issues as they arise.
- Product owner
  The product owner makes sure that the team working on a project aligns with product goals. Product owners set the product vision, manage product backlogs, evaluate progress and give timely feedback.
  Also, product owners communicate ideas to external stakeholders to update product goals.
- Development team
  A development team can consist of project-specific members with expertise in engineering, data analysis, and UI/UX design, among others, per the project demand.
  
  See Also: Top 21 Node JS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
What is Scrum sprint?
Scrum Sprint is a time-boxed event that can last up to four weeks wherein the team focuses on one goal. The goal can be a new feature or an improved iteration of an earlier feature.
What are Scrum artifacts?
Scrum artifacts consist of information used for product development and detailing product tasks, and backlog items. The three types of scrum artifacts include…

Product backlog
Product backlog consists of new features, bug fixes, infrastructure changes, and other activities that define clear objectives for product development.

Sprint backlog
Sprint backlog consists of items that teams plan to complete during the project sprint. The same items can be in the product backlog until they shift to the sprint backlog.

Product increment
Product increment consists of all product backlog items that teams complete during sprints and the incremental value of previous sprints.
What are daily stand-up sessions in Scrum?
Daily stand-up sessions in Scrum are 15 minutes long and can deliver insights into completed tasks, pending tasks, and any issues that the team is facing.
What is Scrum-ban?
Scrum-ban is a combination of Kanban, a framework used to implement DevOps and agile software development. Scrum-ban has the structure of scrum and the flexibility of Kanban. With the help of Scrum-ban, teams can utilize a versatile approach to workflow management.

Also, read: Top 21 SQL Interview Questions and Answers for 2022

Intermediate Scrum Master interview questions
What is empirical process control in Scrum?
Empirical process control in Scrum means working in an experience-based and fact-based manner. Empirical process control ensures that project progress is transparent and based on earlier observations. It helps you improve the work you are doing and plan in line with earlier developments.
What is a Scrum burnout chart?
Scrum burnout charts are a graphical representation of the time remaining for a particular project and the amount of work left for the project.

Scrum burnout charts consist of:
Ideal effort guideline
Real progress of the effort
X-axis that displays working days
Y-axis that displays the remaining effort
What are the impediments and sashimi in Scrum?
Impediments refer to any obstacles that stop the progress of work, whereas Scrum announces sashimi when a task is done.
What is a user story?
A user story provides simple explanations of one or more features of a project. The explanations contain the benefits of features for the end user. The main goal of a user story in Scrum is to communicate how a software feature will help the consumer.
At the beginning of product development, teams discuss how to go about creating a product and can record user stories for specific features. Also, as product development progresses, teams can create new user stories or add information to existing ones.

Below is the user story structure:

As a <Type of user>
I want <user goal>
So that<user benefit >

For example: As a customer, I want to shop from online platforms so that I do not have to go to the market.
What are the advantages of a user story?
Advantages of a user story include…
1. Link establishment between team members and end-user
2. The user story’s syntax captures the objective, value, and benefit of the end-user
3. Set acceptance criteria for different stories as per the user
4. Flexibility to change user story as per new development
  
  See Also: Top 20 TypeScript Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
What are the key differences between Scrum and Agile?

Scrum Master Interview Questions – Scrum vs Agile
How can you identify a good user story?
A good user story is one that teams can finish in a sprint, consisting of a well-defined acceptance criterion and few dependencies. Good user stories follow the INVEST- Independent, negotiable, valuable, estimable, small, and testable principle.
What is the INVEST principle in Scrum?
The INVEST principle includes

I- The user story should be independent and not rely on any other story
N- The user story must be open to changes agreed upon by the team and product owner
V- The user story must add a certain value to the customer
E- The user story should estimate the time requirement
S- The user story must be small enough so that teams can complete it in a sprint
T- The user story must be testable and have good acceptance criteria
What is timeboxing in Scrum?
Timeboxing allocates a specific amount of time in which teams must complete a task. Usually, timeboxes are not longer than 15 minutes, however, teams can always request the product owner to cancel a task if they think it will take more time.

See Also: Top 21 Vue JS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022

Advanced Scrum Master interview questions
What is sprint0 and spike in Scrum?
Sprint0 refers to a rough skeleton of the product backlog with release dates. It is lightweight, has a minimalist design, and has low velocity.

On the other hand, the spike is a collection of extreme programming activities that include prototyping, design, research, and investigation, among others. Spike helps you acquire the right information to understand product requirements and create reliable products.
What is DoD in Scrum?
DoD stands for ‘definition of done’, which contains a set of deliverables, including written codes, unit and integration testing, release notes, and design documents, among others. DoD facilitates quantifiable project development by identifying the right deliverables on time.

DoD benefits include…
- Providing inputs throughout a product’s lifecycle
- Creating the steps necessary for iteration
- Checking product backlog items
- Assisting sprint review and sprint retrospective
- Establishing a checklist for product backlog
- Using task-oriented and appropriate technologies to improve efficiency
Who all take part in the sprint retrospective
A sprint retrospective is a meeting to analyze and address a product’s efficiency. It can include the Scrum master, the product owner, and all the members of the development team.

See Also: Top 21 AWS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
What are the steps for risk management in Scrum?
In Scrum, there are five steps for risk management

Risk identification: In this step, you identify different times of risk associated with product development, including legal risks, environmental risks, regulatory risks, and market risks, among others.

Risk analysis: In this step, you analyze the scope of risk and how it can positively or negatively affect the business.

Risk ranking: Risk ranking includes the priority of the task based on how much loss the organization will incur if a task is not completed on time.

Risk treatment: Risk treatment includes deciding the course of action to eliminate risk after identifying it.

Risk review: Risk review includes all the steps from risk identification to risk treatment to conclude whether a risk is eliminated or not.
What does the confidence vote mean in Scrum?
A confidence vote is a vote wherein all the team members reveal how confident they are about the product. Team members give a confidence vote after completing all the product tasks and user stories.

The purpose of the confidence vote is to increase transparency between team members by urging them to voice their concerns and reveal how much faith they have in the product.
What is Scrum of Scrums?
Scrum of Scrums is a large team that includes different sub-scrum teams under the main scrum team. For example, let’s say the main Scrum team is scrum a, and then there are six sub-scrum teams, namely scrum b, scrum c, scrum d, scrum e, and scrum f. The main scrum team will oversee the products created by other scrum teams and take the final call on delivery.

Scrum of Scrums is effective in creating individual teams that have a clear communication path with the main team and other teams while creating different product features. Thus, Scrum of Scrums enables teams to deliver challenging products at scale by ensuring inspection and transparency in the product development lifecycle.
What are the three Cs in the user story?
Three Cs in the user story includes card, conversation, and confirmation. A card refers to a written account of a user story that includes the plan of the user story and a time estimate for completion.

Conversation encourages scrum teams to talk to each other to create flawless user stories by discussing the problem and the solution before taking any action.

Confirmation consists of an acceptance criterion that tests the user story for certain conditions to confirm whether it serves the intended purpose or not.
What is scope creep in Scrum?
Scope creep measures the rate of changes that occur in a project due to the decision of external stakeholders and internal teams. Scope creep identifies the growing project requirements and the rate at which they increase to help teams manage the change and take necessary steps. Here are the ways in which scope creep helps manage product development…

Tracking project progress and establishing a baseline for scoping new development.
Preparing a comparison of how different the actual work is different from an initially discussed plan.
Locating the source of changes and how they will impact future actions.
Selecting a preventive or corrective course of action in response to suggested changes.

See Also: Top 21 Angular Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
What is a velocity chart in Scrum?
The velocity chart depicts the average amount of work a scrum team completes during a sprint. Scrum teams use velocity to calculate how much time a task will take for sprint teams to finish. The data to calculate the velocity or speed of work of scrum teams consider previously completed user stories for different features in earlier sprints.

Summary

Scrum is a popular framework for effective project management that helps the team work together with greater transparency and trust. Hiring managers will ask Scrum Master interview questions of varying difficulty to test your knowledge of the framework. Thus, a developer must prepare well with the above-mentioned questions before appearing for an interview.

Are you looking for software developer jobs?

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FAQ

What are the three questions in daily scrum meetings?

The three questions in daily scrum meetings are what did you do yesterday? What do you plan to do today? and what challenges are you currently facing?

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By Ashwin Dua ● Nov 23, 2022

Popular Selenium Interview Questions and Answers (1)

Skills, Interviews, and Jobs

Beginner-level Selenium interview questions

What is Selenium?

Selenium is an automated open-source testing framework that allows you to test web applications across different browsers. Selenium consists of a suite of tools that perform testing together.
What are the components of Selenium?

The four components of Selenium include…

Selenium IDE

Selenium IDE refers to Integrated Development Environment. It is an open-source record and playback test automation tool that allows you to record the steps as you navigate the workflow and analyze them later.

Selenium RC

Selenium RC refers to remote control that provides APIs for different programming languages, including Java, PHP, C#, Ruby, etc. With Selenium RC, you can write different testing scripts for various browsers.

Selenium Web Driver

Selenium Web Driver interacts natively with the browser and sends commands directly to get results.

Selenium Grid

Selenium Grid allows you to run parallel tests on different browsers using one server that acts as a hub. Cross-browser testing helps you save time by testing at scale.
What are the different elements that you can find in Selenium?

Different elements that you can find in Selenium include…

ID
CSS
Link Text
Partial Link Text
NameTag
Attribute
X-path
What are the different testing types supported by Selenium?

Selenium supports functional testing and regression testing.

Functional testing tests the function of each component of an application.
Regression testing rechecks already tested use cases to ensure they work as expected.
What is Selenese?

Selenese is a set of Selenium commands, including actions, accessors, and assertions.

Actions are commands that interact directly with the application.
Accessors allow you to define variables and store values.
Assertions compare the current state of the application with the expected state.

Selenese allows you to check Ajax functionality, alerts, list options, and broken links, among others.
What are the different types of web locators used in the Selenium framework?

Locators help Selenium IDE identify the elements it needs to operate on by specifying the area of action.

Types of web locators used in Selenium include…

Locator by ID
Locator by link
Locator by partial link
Locator by name
Locator by tag name
Locator by class name
Locator by XPath
Locator by CSS selector

See Also: Top 21 Node JS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
What are the different types of navigation commands used in Selenium?

Different types of navigation commands used in Selenium include…

Driver. navigate(). Refresh () – This refreshes the current page
Drive. navigate(). Forward () – This command helps you navigate forward on the browser
Drive. navigate(). Back () – This command helps you return to the previous page of the browser.

Selenium Intermediate-level interview questions
What is X-path?

X-path can help you locate HTML and XML elements based on their web path. X-path navigates the document’s XML or HTML structure to find specific elements on the page.
What is the difference between single and double slash in X-path?

A single slash in X-path starts selection from the document mode and creates absolute path extensions in the Selenium framework.

On the other hand, a double slash in X-path can start selection from anywhere in the document and create relative path extensions.

See Also: Top 21 SQL Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
What is the difference between assert and verify commands in Selenium?

In the Selenium framework, the assert command allows you to check for a particular element on a page. The assert command stops the check when an asserted element is not available.

On the other hand, the verify command also checks for a particular element on a page. The verify command does not stop the check when the asserted element is not available and continues the search on other pages.
What is the use of JUnit in Selenium?

JUnit is an open-source framework for conducting unit testing of Java-based applications. JUnit annotation is metadata that JUnit provides to the method to perform specific actions. By using JUnit annotations with Selenium, you can organize and maintain test cases.

Selenium WebDriver testing with JUnit annotations in the script can distinguish between initialization tasks, the actual tests, and post-execution tasks.
What are the different types of JUnit annotations in Selenium?

@BeforeClass
@Before
@Test
@After
@AfterClass
@Ignore
@ParameterizedTest
@RunWith
@RepeatedTest
@Parameters
What are the different types of wait commands supported in Selenium?

In Selenium automation testing, wait commands ask test execution to pause for some time before continuing with the next step. Selenium supports four types of wait commands that include…

Implicit wait – Implicit wait waits for some time before throwing the ‘no such element’ exception.

Explicit wait– Explicit wait informs the web driver to wait for certain conditions before throwing the ‘Element not visible’ exception in Selenium automation testing.

Fluent wait- Fluent wait also informs the web driver to wait for certain conditions and the frequency to check these conditions before throwing the ‘Element not visible’ exception.

WebDriver wait: WebDriver wait is ideal for dynamic testing, as it checks for conditions every second and proceeds with the next command in the script upon meeting the previous condition.

See Also: Top 20 TypeScript Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
How to type text in the input box in Selenium?

In the Selenium framework, sendKeys is the method to type text in the input box.

Here are the steps to enter text in the input box in Selenium

Use WebElement email = driver.findElement(By.id (“email”) ) to find the email text using the ID locator.
Use email.sendKeys (“abcdefghi@gmail.com”) to enter text in the URL field
Use WebElement password =driver.findElement (By.id (“Password”) finds the password text using the ID locator.
Use password.sendKeys (“abcdefgh123”) to enter text in the password field.
How to click on a hyperlink in Selenium?

To click on a hyperlink in Selenium, use the driver.findElement(Bylink.text) command. This command uses the specific information in the substring (Bylink.text) to access a particular hyperlink.
How to scroll a page using JavaScript in Selenium?

In the Selenium framework, the scrollBy() method helps you scroll a web page.

Here are the steps to scroll a page using JavaScript in Selenium:

First, create a JavaScript object with JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

Launch the desired application with driver.get(“https://www.amazon.com”);

Scroll down to the desired location using js.executeScript(“window.scrollBy(0,1000)”);
How to retrieve the CSS properties of an element?

To retrieve the CSS properties of an element, use the getCSSValue method

For example, driver.findElement(By.id(“email“)).getCssValue(“font-size”)

See Also: Top 21 Vue JS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
What is TestNG and what are its advantages?

TestNG is an open-source automated testing framework where NG stands for next generation. TestNG can help you set, map, and control test cases and their execution with features like grouping, sequencing, parameterizing, and annotations in test cases.

Advantages of TestNG

TestNG generates logs
Annotations are easy to understand
TestNG does not extend the test class
Each test case can be independent of another
Parallel execution of multiple test cases

Advanced-level Selenium interview questions
What are the different WebDriver-supported mobile testing drivers in Selenium?

There are four WebDriver-supported mobile testing drivers in the Selenium framework. They are as follows:

AndroidDriver can test Android applications both on real devices and emulators.
IPhoneDriver can be used to test iOS applications.
RemoteWebDriver can be used to test web applications on mobile devices with a variety of browsers.
Selendroid can be used to test Android applications both on real devices and emulators.
How to handle Ajax calls in Selenium WebDriver?

An Ajax call is an asynchronous request that allows the user to work on the application while waiting for a response. Ajax sends HTTP requests from the client to the server that the server responds to without loading the entire webpage.

While making an Ajax call, you are unsure about the server’s response time. Thus, the major challenge of handling an Ajax call in Selenium is the loading time of the webpage.

Since the loading of a webpage can last from a fraction of a second to a few seconds, you need to use the wait method instead of Selenium automation testing.

The different wait methods that you can use to handle an Ajax call in Selenium include implicit wait, explicit wait, fluent wait, and WebDriver wait.

See Also: Top 21 AWS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
What is the importance of session handling in Selenium?

Session handling refers to the process of managing server responses to preserve application state information during load testing. Without session handling, you may get a request for another script in the same browser before completing your test execution.

In the Selenium framework, you can perform session handling with Selenium WebDriver and TestNG framework. The TestNG framework consists of parallel attributes, thread count, and TestNG execution. You must set the value of parallel attributes to the method to enable thread count to control the number of sessions created during test execution.
What is desired capability and why is it necessary for Selenium?

Desired capability consists of key-value pairs that store information on different browser properties like browser name, browser version, and path of browser driver, among others to determine browser behavior at runtime.

In the Selenium framework, desired capability configures the driver instance of Selenium WebDriver. This action allows you to run the test cases on a different browser with different versions and operating systems.
What are breakpoints and start points in Selenium?

Break points help you check code structure and execution. When you apply a breakpoint to any code it debugs the code step by step allowing you to verify the code.

Start points help you identify the point from which execution must begin. Start points can run a test script from the middle of a code or a breakpoint.
What is an object repository and how can we create it in Selenium?

Object repository refers to a collection of web elements along with their locator values. When you need the locator values of any element in the script you can use the object repository. It stores the locator values in a centralized location instead of hardcoding them in the script.

To create an object repository in Selenium you must use the key and value pair. The key refers to the name of an object, whereas the value consists of the property of an object that helps you identify the object on the webpage uniquely.

There are two types of object repositories in the Selenium framework, they are as follows:

Object repository using the XML file

Here are the steps to create an object repository using an XML file:

Go to package, then new, and then file
Create an XML file with.xml as an extension in the project
Store the locator’s path in the XML file
Write the script to get data from the XML file
Use different paths to add web elements in the XML file

Object repository using the properties file

Here are the steps to create an object repository using a properties file:

Go to package, then new, and after that file
Create a file using .properties as an extension
Store different values in the key-value format
Write the code to get data from the properties file

See Also: Top 21 Angular Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
What is the code to fetch data from the properties file?

Here is the code to fetch data from the properties file:
What is the code to fetch data from an XML file?

Here is the code to fetch data from the XML file:

Summary

Selenium is a popular testing framework that offers a wide suite of testing tools. If you are preparing for a Selenium interview, you must brush up your knowledge to increase your chances of getting the job.

Are you a skilled software developer looking for high-paying remote software jobs with top US companies?

Try Turing and land your dream jobs in React, Node, Selenium, Python, Angular, Swift, React Native, Android, Java, Rails, Golang, DevOps, ML, Data Engineers, and much more. Visit the Apply for Jobs page today.

FAQs

What are the advantages of Selenium automation testing?

The advantages of Selenium automation testing include…

Parallel execution
Implementation of repeated text cases
Ability to test large test matrix
Improved accuracy
Reduced costs
What are the limitations of Selenium?

Selenium does not offer vendor support
Selenium generates reports through third-party tools like TestNG and JUnit
Selenium cannot test mobile applications
Selenium cannot test barcode and captcha readers

Join a network of the world's best developers and get long-term remote software jobs with better compensation and career growth.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Nov 16, 2022

Languages, frameworks, tools, and trends

Popular SQL Certifications for Your Data Career in 2023

Here are 7 popular SQL certifications to make the most of your data career in 2023: Microsoft Certified: Azure Data Fundamentals, INE’s SQL Fundamentals,…

What is SQL? What are SQL certifications? Which SQL certifications should you learn in 2022? Is SQL certification difficult? What factors should you consider while choosing SQL certification? What job roles require SQL certifications and skills?

This blog post will help you answer these questions.

What is SQL?

SQL refers to a structured query language that allows you to manipulate and access data in relational databases. SQL offers a range of features that allow you to define and describe data, create, update and drop tables, and provide and restrict access to procedures, views, and tables. Also, you can embed SQL with other languages using compliers, modules, and libraries.

What are SQL certifications?

SQL certifications help developers learn the basics and other information available on SQL. Most SQL certifications are platform-specific, with many companies using platform-specific products, including Oracle SQL, Microsoft Azure, Maria DB, and Microsoft SQL Server, among others.

Data professionals with relevant SQL certifications can sort, clean, and extract large datasets on different platforms. Also, SQL certifications help you understand the nuances of different platforms and complete your tasks with ease.

Let’s take a look at some of the popular SQL certifications.

Microsoft Certified: Azure Data Fundamentals
This SQL certification helps you acquire the skills to work with data on the cloud in the Azure landscape. Users can learn and practice core data concepts, including relational, non-relational, big data, and data analytics.

Microsoft Certified: Azure Data Fundamentals exams consist of 40-50 questions that you must answer in 60 minutes. Also, the Azure data MYSQL certification consists of both beginner and intermediate modules.

The minimum passing mark for Azure data fundamentals is 700 out of 1000, while the cost is US $99.

Related Post: AWS Certification Guide: All You Need To Know
EnterpriseDB PostgreSQL 12 Associate Certification
This SQL certification checks candidates for knowledge of management and maintenance of PostgreSQL servers and related applications in the production environment. The course covers areas like database creation, PostgreSQL installation, user permissions, settings, and extensions.

Related Post: PostgreSQL vs MySQL: Which Is the Right Open Source Database for Your Business

To learn this course, users must first complete the foundations of the PostgreSQL course. Also, users earn digital badges upon successful certification. EDB PostgreSQL 12 Associate Certification consists of 68 questions that you must answer in 60 minutes.

The minimum passing mark for PostgreSQL 12 Associate Certification is 70 percent, while the cost is US $200.
Oracle Database SQL Certified Associate Certification
Among popular SQL certifications, Oracle Database SQL Certified Associate Certification helps you gain a good understanding of SQL concepts to work with Oracle database servers.

The SQL certification course covers topics like a relational database, data sorting and filtering, conversion and group functions, and join queries.

The course consists of 78 questions that you must answer in 120 minutes. The minimum passing mark for Oracle Database SQL certification is 63 percent, while the cost is US $240.
SQL from A to Z in MS SQL Server
SQL from A to Z in MS SQL Server defines a learning path that splits all the content into 7 easy modules. The course offers an understanding of recursive SQL queries, common table expressions, SQL joins and aggregations, and reporting using GROUP clauses, among others.

By doing this SQL certification course, users can cover all the basics and advanced concepts in SQL. Users get a certificate upon completing the course, while the cost is US $203.
Oracle Certified Professional, MySQL 5.7 Database Administrator Certification
This MySQL certification course covers administration concepts like monitoring, installation, query optimization, security, and performance. Users can learn and practice concepts like MySQL architecture, capacity planning, troubleshooting, security and backup, account configuration, and plugin installation, among others.

Oracle Certified Professional, MySQL 5.7 Database Administrator Certification consists of 75 questions that you must answer in 120 minutes. The minimum passing score is 58 percent, while the cost is US $245.

Related Post: Top 21 SQL Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
INE’s SQL Fundamentals

If you’re looking to unlock the power of relational database systems and master the art of SQL, then look no further than our comprehensive course designed just for you. “Fundamentals of SQL” is your gateway to understanding the core concepts of SQL, empowering you to work effectively with data in relational databases.

In this 9-hour course, tailored for beginners, you’ll delve into the world of SQL, learning how to interact with data for tasks like retrieval, updates, deletions, and insertions. Our flexible pricing options make it accessible to all, with choices ranging from $39 per month for the Fundamental Monthly plan to $299 annually for the Fundamental Annual plan. If you’re seeking a deeper commitment, consider our Premium and Premium+ options at $799 and $899 per year, respectively.

The best part is, there are no prerequisites – anyone can take this course. Whether you’re looking to boost your career or just satisfy your curiosity about databases and SQL, this course has got you covered. Join us and start your journey into the world of data management today.
Teradata Certification: Associate 2.3 Exam

Are you eager to dive into the world of data management and databases? The Teradata Associate 2.3 certification offers you an opportunity to become proficient in Vantage 2.3 and the Advanced SQL Engine, up to Release 17.10. This certification doesn’t expire, ensuring that your expertise remains valuable for the long haul.

With no prerequisites and a reasonable cost of $149, this certification is accessible to anyone interested in expanding their knowledge. Whether you’re a beginner or have some experience, this certification is designed to accommodate a wide range of learners. It covers essential concepts like relational database principles, core features, security, data distribution, and access methods.

Earning the Teradata Associate 2.3 certification not only validates your skills but also opens doors to new career opportunities. Whether you’re seeking to advance in your current role or explore new avenues in the data management field, this certification is your stepping stone to success. Join us on this journey and enhance your expertise in the world of data management.

Summary

SQL certifications can help software developers, data scientists, and other professionals who work with data grow in their careers. By using various MYSQL and SQL certifications, users can easily access data on different platforms and make data-driven decisions. Data professionals must choose platform-specific SQL certifications and ace them to stand out from the competition.

Are you looking for a software developer or data science job?

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Turing can help you get your dream job. Turing offers long-term, high-paying remote software and data science jobs in top U.S companies. Visit our Jobs page to know more.

FAQs

What job roles require SQL certifications and skills?

SQL is one of the building blocks of any data source, due to which software developers, data scientists, business analysts, and database administrators, among others, need knowledge of SQL and MYSQL certifications.
What factors should you consider while choosing SQL certification?

The first factor is the relevance of SQL certifications to your job role. For example, if you are a back-end or front-end software developer you must learn beginner or intermediate courses instead of advanced courses. On the other hand, if you are a database administrator you may need to do advanced SQL certifications.

The second factor is choosing the right course as per the platform that you will interact with. For example, if you are working with a suite of Microsoft tools then you must do a Microsoft SQL course.

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By Ashwin Dua, Ritvik Gupta ● Nov 10, 2022

For Employers

Why Should You Include Games in Candidate Assessment?

Reasons to include games in candidate assessment: 1. Quick evaluation of different skills 2. Highlights candidates’ strengths and weaknesses 3. Eliminates bias

How can you use games in candidate assessment? What is a game performance assessment instrument? Why is game-based assessment important? What are the benefits of game-based assessments? How are game-based assessments different from traditional assessments?

This blog post will help you answer all these questions.

What are game-based assessments?

Game-based assessments use a range of interactive tasks and games to assess the abilities and skills of different candidates. By using gaming technology, organizations can learn how suitable candidates are for different job roles.

Importance of games for candidate assessment

Games can measure natural abilities in candidate assessment.

How are game-based assessments different from traditional assessments?

Traditional assessments usually include questions related to candidates’ personalities or prior work experience and behavior. Such assessments are self-reporting and may not reveal a candidate’s natural traits and abilities.

On the other hand, game-based assessments ask zero personal questions and measure how candidates perform different tasks. Game-based candidate assessment tests can help employers learn first-hand the strengths and weaknesses of candidates.

What are the benefits of game-based candidate assessments?

Quick evaluation of different skills

Game-based assessments help you get a quick evaluation of all the traits and abilities measured during your performance. A game-based candidate assessment can measure a series of skills, including numerical skills, logical and analytical abilities, memory retention, and mental agility.
Assessments can be customized based on the candidate’s skill level

Intelligent game-based candidate assessment tests adapt to the performance of different candidates. Candidates who perform exceptionally well can complete tests quickly and unlock levels not built for average performers.

For example, if a candidate is able to complete hard levels quickly, game assessments can introduce even harder levels. At the same time, if a candidate is not able to complete hard assessments, they may get assessments of medium difficulty.
Reduces anxiety in candidates

Compared to traditional assessments, game-based assessments reduce anxiety as candidates approach them as a game instead of a test. Such candidate assessments need logical thinking and measure your natural response to navigating a problem.
Highlights candidates’ psychological strengths and weaknesses

Also, instead of giving test scores, game-based candidate assessment tests give insights into the psychological strengths and weaknesses of candidates. These psychological evaluations can help determine the right job role suitable for their traits and qualities.
Eliminates evaluation bias

Game-based assessments are free of bias with an objective assessment of a candidate’s data. There is no subjective bias that can arise from the interpretation of data provided by candidates. This includes subjective data on cover letters, resumes, and other information received from the candidate.

Also, games elicit authentic behavior instead of candidates behaving otherwise to please interviewers and managers. By using game-based assessments with artificial intelligence and machine learning, organizations can pair the natural abilities of candidates with predictive modeling to see how they will perform in the job.

What personality traits do game-based candidate assessment tests measure?

Game-based candidate assessment tests measure the following personality traits:

Self-motivation

While assessing candidates for a job, it is important to know whether they will do their work thoroughly and meet deadlines. Game-based candidate assessments can measure the discipline and motivation of candidates after considering their game performance.

Related Post: 11 Ways to Motivate Remote Software Developers in 2022
Openness

Candidates must be flexible in their approach and open to suggestions to ensure that they can navigate problems as and when they arise. Game-based assessments can drop hints in to see whether candidates act as per the situation or stick to their own way of doing things.
Agreeableness

Game-based assessments include both interactive and story-based games that can measure characteristics like sympathy, kindness, cooperation, warmth, and consideration. By understanding the characteristics of different individuals, organizations can utilize them to the best of their competencies.

Related Post: 10 Amazing Virtual Team Building Games for Remote and Hybrid Teams

What are some common examples of game-based candidate assessment?

Some common examples of game-based assessments include

Simulated work environments

While assessing candidates for a job, simulated work environments can help you learn how candidates will behave in different situations at work.

Some of these tests may include simple choice-based answers, whereas others may require candidates to analyze the situation carefully, think, and then answer.
Strategy games

In candidate assessment, strategy games help you learn about the problem-solving abilities and creativity quotient of candidates. Different candidates can create different solutions to solve problems and give you insights into how they think and reason.
Bias-based games

Bias-based games help candidates learn about the different workplace and personality biases that can hinder growth and productivity in an organization.

By using various scenarios, such games can help candidates learn how to resolve different issues and build a positive and transparent work culture.

Related Post: How do Gaming Studios Hire Game Development Teams?

Summary

Games can be a great way to acquire get objective data and insights into the strengths and weaknesses of different candidates. Organizations can leverage game-based candidate assessments to find the right person for the job.

Are you looking for a developer to build interactive games for candidate assessment?

Try Turing.

Turing helps you hire the top 1 percent of developers in 3-5 days. Companies can choose from a pool of 3 million developers to find the best candidate.

FAQs

Is it possible to manipulate game-based assessments?

It is not possible to manipulate game-based assessments as candidates immerse themselves in the game without thinking about direct response and its consequences. Such candidate assessments measure natural traits and skills without making the candidate consciously think about the response.
What is a game performance assessment instrument?

The game performance assessment instrument helps you measure a player’s performance based on problem-solving and tactical skills. GPAI adapts to different games and considers things like individual and overall game performance indices, game performance analysis, nonlinearity, observer reliability, and usefulness of action.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Nov 7, 2022

For Employers

What Business Opportunities Can 5G Open Up Across Sectors?

Top 5G business opportunities 1. Autonomous vehicles 2. Crowd management solutions 3. Drone deployment 4. Agricultural solutions 5. Automating construction

What is 5G? How does 5G work? What are the benefits of 5G? What 5G business opportunities can come soon? How can 5G help with sports broadcasting? How can 5G help with indoor farming? How can 5G help improve communication?

This blog post will help you answer all these questions.

What is 5G?

5G is the fifth iteration of cellular technology. It is engineered to greatly increase the responsiveness and speed of wireless networks. 5G transmits a high amount of data over networks with advanced antenna technology and more bandwidth. 5G speeds can reach as high as 20 gigabits per second and offer latency below five milliseconds.

5G can transmit high speed signals among other benefits.

How does 5G work?

Wireless networks consist of composed cell sites with a multitude of antennas and electronic equipment. 5G relies on the millimeter wave spectrum, which is between 30 and 300 gigahertz. 5G transmits high-speed signals through small cell stations and closely connected 5G antennas located on roofs or light poles.

Benefits of 5G

Organizations can use 5G to improve customer experiences and increase employee productivity. By combining 5G with IoT, IT companies can build fast, easy-to-integrate data systems to process and collect data, improve application response time and reduce latency. Here are a few more benefits…

Greater transmission speed
One of the major benefits of 5G is greater transmission speed which allows you to access files, programs, and applications quickly. As the internet speed increases, 5G enables mobiles, computers, and other electronic devices to rely less on internal memory and more on the cloud.
Lower Latency
Latency refers to the time that passes between an order and the execution of the corresponding action. The latency in 5G is ten times lesser than in 4G. Due to lower latency, 5G offers better execution of remote actions in real-time, better logistics control, and advanced driver assist systems (ADAS), among others.
Better connectivity
The transmission of data is set to take place at an unprecedented rate in large industrial plants and smart cities. To facilitate such data transmission, organizations will require a large number of connected devices. 5G can support such bandwidth and provide strong connectivity of a million devices per square kilometer.
Network slicing
Network slicing allows organizations to access virtual and independent networks as per specific needs. The sliced network is separated logically and hosted on top of a shared infrastructure.

Each sliced network serves a definite business purpose and configures all the required network resources connected end-to-end. A sliced network offers dedicated radio, transport, and core resources to each tenant.

5G business opportunities and use cases across sectors

Autonomous vehicles
5G will enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-everything communication. With vehicle-to-vehicle communication, two cars approaching each other from opposite directions can let the driver or passenger know the time of crossing.

With vehicle-to-everything communication, cars will be able to communicate with traffic management systems, pedestrians, and other nearby objects. Also, cars will be able to sense hazards in advance and operate as per the situation.
Crowd management
5G ultra wideband solutions and mobile edge computing, are powering new crowd management systems. Such systems will provide real-time updates about crowd density, waiting time at gates, and restroom and stadium occupancy, among others.
Drones
5G business opportunities for drone deployment are enormous as 5G will reduce the time taken to get data on the servers. With most businesses using Amazon Web Services or Google Cloud, 5G drones can quickly gather data and load it directly into the cloud.

Related Post: Azure vs AWS: Which is Better?

5G offers ultra-low latency that will increase the surveillance rate of drones and improve live monitoring. Also, drones can receive commands from a ground control system instead of less reliable point-to-point links.
Agriculture
With the help of 5G sensors, farmers will be able to collate real-time data, monitor climate, track vehicles and livestock, check plant health, monitor seed genetics, compare historical yields and control the water supply. Also, 5G sensors can check soil properties and chart out the ideal plan for sowing and harvesting different crops.

5G enables precision agriculture by analyzing data collected from various sources using artificial intelligence and machine learning to help farmers sell the right quantity at the right price. Additionally, 5G-powered drones can cover large fields to spray insecticides and pesticides.
Construction
5G’s high bandwidth and low latency help automate construction tasks using robots and remote-controlled machines. Construction automation ensures less risk and less manual labor for workers.

High data transmission using 5G improves collaboration between different teams working on large construction projects. Teams can create 3D construction models, transfer blueprints, and share other documentation to complete projects quickly.

Summary

5G offers higher spectral efficiency, ultra-reliable and low latency signals, and newer network architecture. Increased connectivity with 5G can help organizations open new revenue streams and offer better products and services to customers and other businesses.

Are you looking for software engineers to power 5G solutions and services?

Try Turing.

Turing helps you hire the top 1 percent of developers in 3-5 days. Companies can choose from a pool of 3 million developers to find the best candidate.

FAQs

How can 5G help with sports broadcasting?

5G-enabled cameras can capture a wide range of sports fields and send the footage to a central hub for effective sports broadcasting.
How can 5G help with indoor farming?

5G-enabled technologies like image and sensor data pipelines, environment control systems, and real-time product monitoring can help keep production at optimum levels and keep stock fresh.
How can 5G help improve communication?

5G phone will enable holographic video calls wherein the avatar of the person we are talking to becomes visible.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Oct 31, 2022

Custom Engineering

What Is Chaos Engineering and What Are Its Benefits?

Chaos Engineering is the process of inducing chaos in software applications and systems to identify flaws and create more resilient and reliable software.

What is Chaos Engineering? Who pioneered Chaos Engineering? What is the role of observability in Chaos Engineering? Why does Netflix use Chaos Engineering? What are the benefits of Chaos Engineering?

Looking for answers to such questions? Keep reading.

What is Chaos Engineering?

Chaos Engineering is a method to test the reliability of a software system by injecting chaos into it. This method experiments with the functionality and reliability of a system in the face of any unexpected disturbance or problem.

Chaos Engineering

By using Chaos Engineering, an organization can create backup software components or functions that keep the software running during unexpected problems.

Who pioneered Chaos Engineering?

In 2010, Netflix faced database disruption in the relational table model, after which the streaming giant decided to move to the cloud. After migrating to the AWS cloud infrastructure, Netflix engineers realized that no single component could guarantee 100 percent uptime.

Related Post: Azure vs AWS: Which is better?

However, with different processes running, it was difficult to test the resilience of cloud-based large-scale distributed systems. Netflix used Chaos Engineering to test different variables and components without impacting the end user.

Netflix conducted the first Chaos Engineering experiment by terminating production instances and chewing data tables to ensure that the entire system does not collapse when specific services experience failure.

What is Chaos Monkey?

Inspired by the idea of monkeys entering a farm and randomly destroying the property, Netflix developed Chaos Monkey.

Chaos Monkey is a first-of-its-kind system software to check the recoverability of its web services infrastructure.

Chaos Monkey software simulates failures at different stages of development to help organizations and software developers prepare for different unexpected situations.

Chaos Monkey is a popular tool used in Chaos Engineering

What is the Simian Army?

The Simian Army comprises open-source cloud testing tools that allow developers to test the resilience, security, recoverability, and reliability of cloud services.

After the development of Chaos Monkey, Netflix engineers started developing more autonomous software agents for Chaos Engineering. Thus, they developed the Simian Army.

The Simian Army includes Latency Monkey, Conformity Monkey, Security Monkey, Janitor Monkey, Doctor Monkey, and Chaos Monkey.

Latency Monkey simulates service degradation to see how upstream services react.
Conformity Monkey identifies and shuts down instances that are not coded as per best practices and gives developers the platform to relaunch the instances.
Security Monkey checks the DRM and SSL certificates for expiry. Also, SM ends any instances that do not conform to the security standards.
Janitor Monkey checks all the instances for unused resources and discards them instantly.
Doctor Monkey checks the health of cloud instances and monitors the external health of systems like CPU and memory storage.
Chaos Monkey randomly terminates different instances to see how service shutdown affects the overall system.

What is the difference between Chaos Engineering and testing?

Most software applications go through traditional testing that uses a set of inputs to see if the predicted outputs come from the application. If the predicted outputs do not come, the software developer works to achieve them.

Unlike traditional testing, Chaos Engineering uses experiments and unusual combinations to test software applications and systems. By doing this, organizations increase the scope of testing and check how the software will perform in the face of an unexpected situation.

Related Post: Unit Testing vs Integration Testing

What is the role of observability in Chaos Engineering?

Observability is the process of understanding the internal components of a software system by analyzing the external outputs. Observability dives deeper into the different failure modes of a system and uses key insights from such modes to create new failsafe iterations.

Observability in Chaos Engineering enables faster deployments, helps prioritize business KPIs, and helps develop system auto-healing, among others. In addition, observability considers the correlation between the monitoring, logging, tracing, and data aggregation to troubleshoot problems and find solutions.

Organizations can use artificial intelligence and machine learning to create observability patterns and antipatterns. Organizations can use regression analysis, time series analysis, and trend analysis to build definitive observability patterns and antipatterns.

How does Chaos Engineering work?
Chaos Engineering consists of four steps.

Hypothesis
The first step is the hypothesis, wherein engineers think about what can happen to the state of the application upon changing a variable. Hypothesis allows chaos engineers to ask many questions and write down their assumptions. Later, they compare these assumptions with real-life events.
Testing
In the testing phase, chaos engineers use a simulated environment along with load testing to check the changes in services, infrastructure, network, and devices. If the results differ from the assumptions, then the chaos engineers restructure or rebuild the component.
Blast radius
The extent of the damage done in the testing phase is known as the blast radius. Chaos engineers set up a blast radius during the testing of specific variables and components.
Insights
Insights consist of the results of the hypothesis, testing, and blast radius used in Chaos Engineering. By using insights, chaos engineers can restructure and rebuild components that perform better during unexpected situations.

Four steps of Chaos Engineering

Types of experiments in Chaos Engineering

Here are the types of experiments in Chaos Engineering.

Dependency testing
Most times, chaos engineers assume a happy scenario for the software development process after conducting standard tests. However, this step backfires sometimes, especially when there are many dependencies.

Therefore, Chaos Engineers must conduct thorough tests and check hidden dependencies between microservices, reddis, database, memcached, and downstream services. By doing such tests and checks, they can understand the challenges that may cause failure in the production and post-production stages.
Inject failure
Inject a failure or something that can cause your software to behave differently is essential for Chaos Engineering. With this experiment, engineers can discover weaknesses or vulnerable components of the software, and build something to keep the software running when a particular component malfunctions.
Automate faults
After coming across different faults while checking the reliability of the system, engineers use site reliability engineering to try and fix faults automatically. With such automation, they check which automatic solutions work and for which functions they need to build backup components.

What are the benefits of Chaos Engineering?

The benefits of Chaos Engineering include:

Promotes innovation
Chaos Engineering promotes innovation by identifying design and structural flaws in the software system. The intelligence gathered from understanding structural and design flaws helps improve new and existing components.
Greater collaboration
Chaos Engineering facilitates greater collaboration, as the insights gathered are not limited to chaos engineers but get shared across different departments.
Streamlines incident response
Incident response is important for applications that need to run all the time. By testing variables and components in advance, Chaos Engineering helps streamline troubleshooting, repairs, and incident response.
Boosts business
Organizations that use Chaos Engineering can build resilient and reliable systems that increase customer satisfaction. Also, these resilient software applications can boost business demand by producing less failure-prone software.

Benefits of Chaos Engineering

How to set up a Chaos Engineering culture and what is a game day?

To set up a Chaos Engineering culture, have a game day. A game day is a dedicated day to run Chaos Engineering experiments on software and computer systems. On a game day, simulate an environment of failure. Then, check how your team and computer system responds to different types of failure.

How to plan and run a game day?

Here are the steps to plan and run a game day:

Compile a list of all failure scenarios
List down all the variables and components that can break down or malfunction. Some of the common questions that you can ask are – can your systems support 15x the current load? What will happen if your servers run out of disk space? How will your system respond in case of a DDOS attack?

Answering all the questions mentioned above can be difficult during a single game day. So, narrow down the questions as per the impact they have on your software, and distribute them on different days.
Create a series of hypothesis
After you have selected the failure scenarios, it is time to create a series of hypothesis. While creating a series of hypothesis, make sure that you create a step-by-step process for each hypothesis.

A detailed hypothesis with possible outcomes will help you measure the proposed outcomes against the real outcomes and build your next strategy effectively.
Check how your team reacts
A game day is not only about testing for failure scenarios but also preventing them. Organizations must see how different teams react while running experiments and fixing problems.

Teams that do not communicate well and take longer than expected to fix a problem must receive communication and collaboration training. By doing this, you can ensure that they are ready when a failure arises in real time.
Address discovered gaps
The final step of the game day does not have to happen on the game day itself but must happen soon. Chaos engineers must address the errors and gaps the right way with a short-term solution to ensure that the applications keep working as expected.

Also, chaos engineers must prepare detailed plans to rebuild or replace components and variables that trigger failure.

What are some of the common failure scenarios in Chaos Engineering?

Some common failure scenarios in Chaos Engineering include:

Disk space overuse
The goal of overusing disk space is to see whether your software sends an alert upon meeting a certain threshold. If you don’t see an alert, you must fix the issue right away.
EC2 shutdown
EC2 helps you develop and deploy applications faster by storing data in RAM. By forcing an EC2 shutdown, you can check whether the software application is working, or has lost data.
Load balancer adjusting
Load balancers play a crucial role in distributing incoming traffic from users to back-end servers. By shutting one request from one user at a time, you can check whether your load balancer still works or not.
Swap security groups
Security groups configure network security to specify protocols, ports, and IP addresses over which you can send traffic. Security groups consist of various virtual machines and resource tags that you can replace or stop to check for changes in application behavior.
Force CPU spikes
To check how much volume a software application can handle without breaking down, force CPU spikes by manipulating commands. With this action, you will know how much volume your system can effectively handle.

What tools can I use for Chaos Engineering?

There are a wide variety of tools available to successfully implement Chaos Engineering. They include:

Chaos Mesh
Chaos Mesh offers a dedicated dashboard with several in-built experiments and timeframes to inject chaos into your software systems. Also, you can design custom experiments and conduct status checks of different components and development stages.
Chaos Monkey
Chaos monkey can help you detect different system bottlenecks and offer solutions to resolve the same. Additionally, the open-source tool helps terminate instances and gives a detailed account of failures.
Litmus
Litmus helps you carry out controlled chaos tests in the production stage. Also, it allows you to implement log capturing, generate reports, detect bugs, and run test suites.
Gremlin

Gremlin offers three attack modes and various failure scenarios to help build software resiliency and reliability. Also, it offers unique features like latency injections, CLI support, memory leak testing, and disk fill-ups.

Summary

Organizations must effectively utilize Chaos Engineering to understand the types of failures that can occur during the use of software applications. By running chaos experiments and test failure scenarios, organizations can better prepare for negative outcomes and build reliable software applications.

Are you looking for developers who can help conduct Chaos Engineering experiments?

Try Turing.

Turing helps companies hire pre-vetted developers within 3-5 days. Visit Turing’s Hire Page today.

FAQ’s

How do you control the blast radius in Chaos Engineering?

To keep control of the blast radius, introduce one chaos at a time. Also, have a rollback plan in place in case the outcome is not as expected.
What is Chaos Gorilla?

Chaos Gorilla drops an entire AWS environment in a simulated environment to check the impact on users. By disabling computers in the network, Chaos Gorilla checks how the remaining systems respond.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Oct 20, 2022

For Employers

10 Popular Software Testing Trends in 2023

Popular software testing trends in 2023 1. QAOps 2. Scriptless automation testing 3. Big data testing 4. IoT testing 5. AI and ML testing……..

Which software testing tools are in demand in 2023? What are the popular software testing trends of 2023? What is IoT testing? What is Big data testing? What is API test automation?

This blog post will help you answer all these questions. Let’s get started

Organizations across the world want to release high-quality software products in the market. However, companies must carry out different types of testing and know the latest software testing trends to ensure that the software meets high-quality standards.

Here are a few popular software testing trends for 2023.

QAOps
One of the growing trends in software testing is QAOps, a combination of quality assurance and IT operations. QAOps utilizes a DevOps-based approach to achieve high-quality software.

In QAOps, the testing team works in collaboration with the operation and developer teams. The testing teams are actively involved in the continuous integration and continuous development process.
Scriptless automation testing
Scriptless automation testing uses tools to automate tests instead of writing scripts. Scriptless testing tools record the tester’s actions while navigating the software to generate different tests required for different features.

Developers can use different testing tools equipped with unique features for UI testing, end to end testing, among others. Based on test frameworks, the tools offer a lot of flexibility and generate reusable test cases.
Big data testing
Data is fundamental to any organization’s success or failure. Big data refers to a large dataset that cannot be processed using traditional techniques. To test such datasets, organizations use various large-scale tools, techniques and frameworks developed for big data.

Big data testing includes data quality testing, performance testing, and functional testing of structured and unstructured data.

Organizations use big data testing for the analysis of large datasets.

Related Post: 5 Software Development Trends in 2023
IoT testing
Among the latest trends in the software industry, IoT testing is growing in popularity. The main goal of IoT testing is to ensure the safe transmission of data over the internet.

Some common types of testing in the IoT testing plan include usability testing, compatibility testing, data integrity testing, and reliability and scalability testing. IoT testing checks the performance, functionality, and security of IoT devices.
AI and ML testing
By using artificial intelligence and machine learning, you can automatically identify bugs and generate tests. AI and ML use predictive models to identify the different features for testing and prepare specific test plans.

By automating tests with AI and ML, you can analyze a large amount of data, utilize reusable test cases and generate detailed test reports.

Organizations use AI and ML testing to develop advanced software applications.
Shift-left testing
Shift-left testing is among the unusual trends in software testing. Traditionally software testing is on the right side of the workflow, whereas shift-left testing is done on the left side. Shift-left testing pushes developers to test in the early stage of the software development life cycle.

By testing early, an organization can build high-quality code, eliminate code-patching, facilitate proactive collaboration, and save time and money.
Blockchain testing
Blockchain testing is among the increasingly popular software testing trends due to the rise of blockchain technology. The goal of blockchain testing is to check the security and reliability of the shared ledger system that connects different blocks.

Blocks can contain different software applications with a specific node in a group. Apart from security, blockchain testing also covers the load capacity and scalability of blockchain databases and ledgers.
Cybersecurity testing
Cybersecurity testing allows organizations to protect software applications from hackers and viruses. By using this testing approach, companies can identify the susceptible areas and prevent security breaches.

Cybersecurity testing protects your application from viruses and keeps the private data of stakeholders, users, and other involved partners safe.

Organizations use cybersecurity testing to protect software applications from hackers.
Agile testing
Agile testing uses a continuous response system to give feedback on an ongoing basis. Agile testing conducts tests during every iteration of the software development cycle.

Agile testing utilizes testing methodologies that include test-driven development, behavior-driven development, exploratory testing, session-based testing, and acceptance test-case development, among others.

Related Post: Unit Testing vs Integration Testing: 4 Key Differences Explained
Regression testing
Regression testing is one of those trends in software testing that can never grow old. The goal of regression testing is to check how updates or the addition of new features affect the software’s performance.

Regression testing allows you to check how your software responds to changes and what you should do to make your software sustainable and resilient.

Summary

Organizations must learn about the different software testing trends to ensure that software is error-free and ready for users. Also, companies must consider the type of software and test environments to conduct the tests safely.

Are you looking to hire software engineers for your testing requirements?

Try Turing.

With Turing, you can hire pre-vetted, Silicon Valley-caliber engineers at unbeatable prices. Visit Turing’s Hire Developers page today.

FAQs

Which software testing tools are in demand in 2023?

Software testing tools in demand in 2023 include Selenium, Testpad, Ranorex, Watir, and TestRail, among others.
What is API test automation?

API test automation is the process of testing APIs for compatibility, correctness, and efficiency to improve the performance of APIs.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Oct 12, 2022

'Turing Is the Best Place for Remote Developers’, Says Lucas

Developer Testimonials

‘Turing Is the Best Place for Remote Software Developers,’ Says Lucas from Brazil

Lucas, a remote software developer from Brazil, says he can travel the world while working with Turing. Here’s why he believes remote developers….

Lucas is a self-taught software engineer from Brazil with over five years of experience. How did Lucas get a high-paying job for a top US company? How did Lucas achieve the greater work-life balance that most remote developers want? Let’s find out.

Life before Turing: Heavy burnout and limited vacation time

Initially, Lucas started as a Laravel intern in a Brazilian start-up. However, he soon realized that he is a workaholic who works long hours to meet his targets at the workplace. And thus, Lucas started feeling the weight of burnout.

Besides suffering from frequent programmer burnout, Lucas could not take vacations owing to his low salary. During this time, Lucas felt his passion for solving problems fading due to long work hours. After working at this start-up for four years, Lucas decided to look for better opportunities.

Lucas is among the many Brazilian remote developers working for Turing

Turing developer: Lucas

I can travel the world doing what I love

While looking for remote software developer jobs online, Lucas came across Turing on LinkedIn and decided to apply immediately. He gave the tests and then proceeded with an interview with one of Turing’s US-based clients. To his surprise, he started working for the US-based company in just a few weeks.

“I can now work from the world’s biggest city or even a small village. Remote work with Turing helps both—the workaholic and the traveler in me. I work with a great company and use state-of-the-art technology. I can travel the world doing what I love,” Lucas adds with a smile

Turing’s vetting process for remote developers is quick and efficient

Turing uses a combination of automated tests and an AI-matching engine to match qualified engineers with remote jobs at leading companies. All developers must go through MCQ tests and coding challenges to get matched with top US companies.

Talking about his experience with Turing’s vetting process, Lucas shares, “Turing’s vetting process is quite efficient. You can start working with the best US companies from anywhere in the world in a few steps. So, don’t wait. Go to Turing.com and take your first test.”

Developers don’t need to worry about their English not being ‘perfect’

Lucas feels that one of the major challenges stopping software developers from going remote is the pressure to perfect English as a language. Many developers feel that working for top US companies requires them to be highly skilled in English apart from technical skills. However, that is not the case.

“I was not great with English, but I started learning it consistently. If your English is basic, but your technical skills are strong, you can make it through interviews. Once you get the job, work on your English skills a lot. You can even take English classes. If you are unable to understand something while on the job, don’t hesitate to ask twice. With time, you will get better for sure,” assures the Brazil-based developer.

Turing is the ideal place for remote developers

The software and travel enthusiast says that Turing is the best place for remote developers, as it matches developers based on seniority and skill level. “Developers can achieve long-term career growth and receive unmatched compensation from the comfort of their home,” he concludes.

If you are looking for remote developer jobs, try Turing.

Visit Apply for Jobs page to know more.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Sep 30, 2022

Languages, frameworks, tools, and trends

10 JavaScript Mapping Libraries to Create Interactive Maps

JavaScript mapping libraries: 1. Openlayers 2. Google Maps API 3. Leaflet 4. Mapbox 5. jHERE 6. Kartograph 7. DataMaps…….

What are JavaScript mapping libraries? Do JavaScript libraries allow you to build maps? How can you create interactive JavaScript maps? What is Maps JavaScript API?

This blog post will help you answer all these questions. Let’s dive in.

What are JavaScript mapping libraries?

JavaScript mapping libraries can integrate maps on your website and mobile applications to help users find your business. Developers can choose from a wide range of JavaScript mapping libraries to create custom maps. Also, JavaScript libraries allow developers to add widgets and features that complement the website design and theme.

Let’s look at some popular JavaScript libraries.

Openlayers
Openlayers is an open-source JavaScript library that offers various source map layers and several map services. You can choose different types of layers like vector layer and tiled layer, among others. Also, you can select different CSS styles to design the look of your map.

Open layers offer rich documentation, live demos, and code samples to facilitate easy learning. Also, you can render vector data from geographic data formats like TopoJSON, GeoJSON, KML, and GML, among others.
Google Maps API
Google Maps is the most popular mapping platform in the world. Users can check the time to reach your business and the traffic on the route and learn about nearby locations.

To integrate Google Maps with your website or application, you can use JavaScript API. Also, if your business uses WordPress, you can add interactive JavaScript maps using the Google Maps plugin.

Google Maps API allows you to seamlessly integrate maps in your website.

Related Post: GraphQL vs REST API: 3 Differences You Must Know
Leaflet
Developers prefer Leaflet over other JavaScript libraries to add maps to mobile applications. JS library leaflet is small, loads quickly, and offers a wide range of features that work across all browsers and platforms.

Popular companies that use Leaflet include Flickr, Facebook, Etsy, and GitHub. Also, Leaflet provides detailed documentation and an extensive community that offers learning examples and technical support.
Mapbox
Mapbox offers a wide range of features like custom markers, textures, vector tiles, geocoding, satellite images, and static maps, among others. Mapbox allows you to style interactive JavaScript maps with a unique set of tools and gives you full control over background maps. Also, Mapbox offers Mapbox editor, an exclusive tool that allows you to create custom maps.

Mapbox supports data formats that include GeoJSON, KML, GPX, and CSV, among others.
jHERE
jHERE uses HERE maps at the data source for creating map visualizations and designs. Similar to other JavaScript libraries, jHERE relies on dependencies like jQuery and ZeptoJS.

jHERE offers extensions to add new functionalities like custom shapes and markers to create interactive JavaScript maps that complement the website and application design.
Kartograph
Katrograph is a lightweight JavaScript library that uses Kartograph SVG maps to offer mapping services. Built on top of jQuery and Raphael, Kartograph uses the Katro.py utility to generate maps.

Kartograph utilizes jQuery for DOM manipulation, data handling, and CSS animation among other things. Also, Kartograph uses Raphael for drawing. Additionally, Kartograph offers library documentation and API references to run projects smoothly.
DataMaps
Among other flexible JavaScript mapping libraries, DataMaps is quite diverse as it works on both small and large applications. DataMaps’s features include high resolutions, multiple colorways, and orthographic projections.

Data Maps provides flawless documentation to build interactive JavaScript maps. Also, you can use browser and plugin testing for Data Maps.
jVectorMap
Among JavaScript mapping libraries, jVectorMap can build maps for different screen sizes and browsers. jVectorMap creates interactive JavaScript maps that have a vector nature to facilitate screen adaptability.

jVectorMap offers a converter that helps you create a custom version of predefined map designs. Other features of jVectorMap include hover support, label display, ISO 3166 standard compliance, and data visualization.

jVectorMap is a screen adaptable JavaScript library
CesiumJS
In comparison to other JavaScript libraries, CesiumJS allows you to create 3D maps. CesiumJS provides unique tools to preview 3D demos of interactive JavaScript maps.

Key features of CesiumJS include terrain layers, 3D tiles, 3D imagery, 3D layers, and visual tours. Also, you can use excellent documentation and detailed tutorials to learn CesiumJS.
jQuery Mapael
jQuery Mapael allows you to build maps that have plottable cities with SVG paths based on latitude and longitude. The SEO-friendly feature is one of the highlights of jQuery Mapael. The SEO feature enables web crawlers to crawl your map in both JS and non-JS format.

With this JavaScript library, you can resize maps, link cities, set colors, add plotted points and visualize data. Other features of jQuery Mapael include tooltips, event addition, href setting, shapes, and custom images.

Related Post: Svelte vs React: Which JavaScript Framework Should You Choose?

Summary

JavaScript mapping libraries are essential for adding maps to your mobile application and website. Developers must choose a JavaScript library that seamlessly works with the existing software engine or platform.

Are you familiar with JavaScript libraries?

Turing can help you get your dream job. Turing offers long-term, high-paying remote software jobs in top U.S companies. Visit our Jobs page to know more.

FAQs

Do JavaScript libraries allow you to build maps?
Yes, JavaScript libraries can help you integrate maps into your website and mobile application by providing pre-written code and design templates.
How can you create interactive JavaScript maps?
To create interactive JavaScript maps, add pre-written code in HTML, CSS, and JS formats. Later, style the map using different features that JavaScript mapping libraries offer.
What is Maps JavaScript API?
Maps JavaScript API consists of a set of programming interfaces that help you create interactive JavaScript Maps by using different features.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Sep 28, 2022

Custom Engineering

8 Microservices Data Management Patterns

Microservices data management patterns 1. Database per service pattern 2. Shared database pattern 3. Saga pattern 4. CQRS pattern 5. Event sourcing pattern…

What are microservices? What are microservices data management patterns? What are the key components of microservices architecture? How do you manage relationships in microservices? How many types of databases can you use for microservices?

This blog post will help you answer all these questions.

What are microservices?

Microservices are a software architectural type that allows developers to build different components of the same application in modules. Microservices applications offer decentralization of data ownership to ensure each service has a separate database.

Each module utilizes an API to communicate with the database of different services. Developers can deploy and update each component without affecting other parts of the application.

Microservices data management patterns: Microservices architecture helps build software parts with modules.

What are microservices data management patterns?

Microservices data management patterns help manage the data of different components of the software. The data management patterns facilitate communication between databases of two or more software components.

Let’s take a look at different types of microservices data management patterns.

Database per service pattern
Each microservice manages its data in the database per service pattern. Developers use well-defined APIs to facilitate communication between the databases of two or more microservices

Database per service pattern is easy to use and is ideal for new applications. Also, the microservices pattern offers high scalability, loose coupling between databases, and simple impact analysis.
Shared database pattern
The shared database pattern, as the name suggests, allows multiple services to access and store data in the same database. Developers working on different components need to coordinate to make schema changes to the database. However, developers must be careful while working on the database as overloading can cause run-time conflict.

Transactions in the shared database microservices pattern conform to ACID properties to guarantee data validity and consistency.
Saga pattern
The saga pattern is a sequence of local transactions in the database wherein the outcome of each transaction depends on an event from the previous one. With the performance of each transaction, the saga data management pattern publishes an event.

If any transactions fail, the saga pattern performs a series of compensating transactions to undo the impact of the failure. Organizations can use this data management pattern to quickly implement business transactions spanning multiple components.
CQRS pattern
CQRS refers to command, query, responsibility, and segregation and is one of the more popular microservice database management patterns. CQRS logs the record of all activities in the database and updates the query database or view after listening to domain events from other microservices.

CQRS offers higher performance and better scalability of microservices by not invoking the original database during queries. Also, CQRS speeds up the workflow by breaking the traditional way of program executions through separation layers.
Event sourcing pattern
Event sourcing microservices pattern stores aggregated data as a sequence of state-changing events. The event source stores this data and creates a new event during any updates or insertion.

Also, an event sourcing pattern allows you to replay events performed earlier, apart from storing and keeping the events in a list. You must use APIs to retrieve and add events to enable subscriptions and services.
API composition pattern
API composition data management pattern uses API composers to directly access datasets of previously used services. After fetching the data, the pattern uses an ‘in-memory join’ to pair two services before sending it to the consumer.

API composition pattern works well for scattered data spanning multiple microservices components in smaller datasets. However, the in-memory join approach can be inefficient for larger datasets.

Related Post: GraphQL vs REST API: 3 Differences You Must Know
Domain event pattern
Domain event pattern helps with domain-related events. This pattern allows you to communicate with other bounded texts, check historical data, and achieve higher scalability and better performance.
Database sharding pattern
Data sharding pattern separates datasets into different shards or horizontal partitions for simplified access and storage. Each shard in the microservices database management pattern has the same schema but holds a distinct subset of the data.

Sharding patterns allow high scalability, as you can add new shards when the storage needs increase. Also, you can improve performance by reducing the workload of each service.

Related Post: 8 Business Intelligence Tools for Data Visualization and Analysis

Summary

Microservices data management patterns streamline the software development lifecycle and improve the performance, reliability, and workflow of applications. Also, microservices patterns optimize testing and reduce errors.

Organizations must consider the software development project and microservices architecture before choosing a data management pattern. Also, organizations must factor in developer familiarity with different data management patterns.

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FAQs

What are the key components of microservices architecture?
The key components of the microservices architecture include containers, service mesh, service discovery, and API gateway. Containers are independently functioning packets of software, the service mesh is the messaging layer to communicate between microservices. Service discovery enables deployment and load distribution between services, and the API gateway performs administrative tasks and load balancing.
How do you manage relationships in microservices?
To manage relationships in microservices, use database management patterns that use API calls or async messaging.
How many types of databases can you use for microservices?
You can use two types of databases for microservices, relational databases, and non-relational databases.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Sep 20, 2022

Cloud Services

Multi-Cloud vs Hybrid Cloud: 3 Key Differences

Multi-cloud vs Hybrid cloud: Multi cloud architecture comprises of two or more clouds of a similar type. On the other hand, hybrid cloud consists of …..

Multi-cloud vs hybrid cloud, which is better? What is a multi-cloud? What is a hybrid cloud? Why do organizations use hybrid and multi-cloud? How to build a successful cloud strategy? Can a hybrid cloud also be multi-cloud?

This blog post will help you answer all these questions.

What is a hybrid cloud?

Hybrid cloud infrastructure consists of a private cloud or data center, on-premises infrastructure, one or more public clouds, and a secure network. A hybrid cloud leverages local and wide-area networks to connect two or more computers.

Organizations can store sensitive data without deploying servers on-site by using a hybrid cloud. In addition, hybrid cloud infrastructure provides cost-effectiveness, increased agility, unified data management, and greater control over private data.

A hybrid cloud is a combination of one private cloud with public cloud and data centers.

What is a multi-cloud?

Multi-cloud is a combination of software as a service, aka SaaS, platform as a service, aka PaaS, and infrastructure as a service, aka IaaS models. Organizations do not have to rely on a single cloud vendor while using the multi-cloud architecture.

In addition, organizations reduce the risk of localized hardware failure and do not go offline. Multi-cloud architecture also offers organizations increased reliability, better ROI, greater disaster recovery tools, and advanced security.

Around 93 percent of businesses will switch to the cloud in the next five years. Thus, you must adopt cloud technology sooner than later.

The multi-cloud model uses two or more clouds of a similar type.

Let’s take a look at some key differences.

Multi-cloud vs Hybrid cloud: Architecture
Hybrid cloud infrastructure comprises unified logging, a single identity management system, stack alerts, and cloud monitoring.

Multi-cloud infrastructure does not have a single identity management system or an integrated network; primarily because data storage occurs on it.

With Silicon Valley moving to the cloud, organizations must differentiate between multi-cloud and hybrid cloud architecture.
Multi-cloud vs Hybrid cloud: Inter-cloud workload
In a multi-cloud setup, different cloud systems manage separate tasks to facilitate independent data operations. The inter-cloud workload is comparatively less in a multi-cloud architecture.

On the other hand, a hybrid cloud uses different components that work together to perform a function. The inter-cloud workload is more in a hybrid cloud infrastructure.
Multi-cloud vs Hybrid cloud: Availability
The multi-cloud architecture offers a robust backup setup with standby facilities. You can easily shift the workload to another cloud system if an issue occurs on one of your cloud systems.

Unlike multi-cloud, the hybrid cloud infrastructure requires a dedicated team to ensure round-the-clock availability.

Multi-cloud vs hybrid cloud: 6 unique differences

Can a hybrid cloud also be multi-cloud?

Yes, a hybrid cloud becomes multi-cloud when more than one public cloud service joins a private cloud. On the other hand, the multi-cloud model consists of various cloud storage options and data centers that can include a hybrid cloud.

Therefore, every hybrid cloud can become a multi-cloud when more than one public cloud joins the network. However, not every multi-cloud can become a hybrid cloud if there is no private cloud in its network.

What should organizations keep in mind while building a cloud strategy?

Organizations should keep in mind the following things while building a cloud strategy.

Cloud migration

Check for cloud migration and ease of shifting an application from an on-premises setup to the cloud, as some applications need complete refactoring to shift to the cloud.
Pricing model

The pricing models of cloud systems play a key role in decision-making. You must check the pricing model of different cloud providers and choose the one that helps manage the increasing workload and is not very expensive.
Cloud management

The cloud model you choose may require you to set up your own management team, or could provide you dashboard access for tracking and monitoring. So, choose the cloud model that works best for your business.
Tools

While migrating to the cloud, organizations need management, deployment, and orchestration tools. You can create a tool strategy by either abstracting the tool layer of the cloud provider or using a coordinated cross-platform toolset for management, orchestration, and deployment.

For example, Kubernetes can provide cloud orchestration tools to deploy the application in a multi-cloud or hybrid cloud environment.

Related Post: 7 Reasons Kubernetes is Important for DevOps

Summary

Multi-cloud offers better security and greater disaster recovery, lowers latency rate by offering cloud zones, and prevents vendor lock-in. On the other hand, a hybrid cloud offers faster data processing, increased agility, better scalability, and risk management.

Organizations must consider the pros and cons of each cloud model before choosing one that can handle business data and information effectively.

Do you want to hire skilled software engineers for your cloud set-up?

Turing can help you get talented remote software engineers in just 3-5 days. Visit Turing’s hire page for more information.

FAQs

Which popular companies use the hybrid cloud?
Some of the popular companies that use the hybrid cloud are Netflix, Uber, Airbnb, and Hulu.
What are the four types of cloud computing?
There are four types of cloud computing: public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and multi-cloud.
What are some of the popular multi-cloud providers?
Some popular multi-cloud providers include Amazon web services, Google cloud platform, Microsoft Azure and IBM.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Sep 19, 2022

7 ways to scale a remote engineering team

For Employers

7 Ways to Build and Scale a Remote Engineering Team

Steps to build and scale your remote engineering team 1. Prepare a structured plan 2. Reassess your engineering team structure 3. Establish communication ……

What is a remote engineering team? How do you scale an engineering team? How do you build a successful remote engineering team? What is important for remote engineering teams so that they work well?

This blog post will help you get answers to all these questions.

As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, organizations learned that distributed teams are as successful as office-based teams. In fact, some studies point out that remote workers are more productive than their in-office counterparts. In addition, remote teams are happier and cost less. However, they also face certain challenges.

One such common challenge is: How do you build and scale a remote engineering team?

The strategy of scaling a remote team doesn’t have a one-size-fits-all approach. Some organizations need to make that extra hiring, whereas others must integrate new collaboration tools to facilitate smooth teamwork. Thus, it is important to use the right approach to effectively build and scale remote engineering teams.

Let’s take a look at some steps to build and scale your remote engineering team.

Prepare a structured plan
A structured plan is important to ensure a clear scaling strategy from start to finish. Your plan for scaling your remote team should contain the goal you want to achieve, how you plan to achieve that goal and the resources you will require to reach that goal.

For example, if you want to increase the software application production per month, you may need to restructure your existing project pipeline to deliver applications faster. You may also need to provide your remote team with new resources to produce more applications.
Reassess your remote engineering team structure
Before hiring new talent, it is important to assess the current structure of your engineering team. Organizations and hiring managers must understand the key responsibilities of each job role and the available bandwidth a team has for new tasks.

By assessing the team structure, you can split your team into smaller groups focused on specific product aspects to scale effectively. You can also identify leaders within the group and ask them to report to the head of product, thus building a clear hierarchical reporting framework.

Check out this blog to know the three best practices for managing a remote team.
Establish clear communication methods
Transparent communication is important for building a remote engineering team. Organizations must set clear ground rules regarding communication, and ensure that all team members know these rules.

Everyone must know the tools available for communication and how to use these tools. In addition, employees should also be aware of the work hours of different team members. By developing an effective communication strategy, remote team members can share product-related issues with each other and offer immediate solutions.

Communication plays a vital role in the success of remote engineering teams.
Create a strong team culture
To scale well, organizations require a strong team culture that allows team members to work freely. A strong team culture defines the values, behaviors, purpose, and work ethics members must embrace.

In a strong team culture, each member recognizes their responsibility and expectations. Moreover, a strong culture ensures that each member aligns with the company’s vision and has no hesitation in communicating ideas, suggestions, and solutions that might benefit the organization.

Check out this blog post to know seven ways in which managers can boost remote workers’ productivity.
Set up a good onboarding process
A good onboarding process is necessary to welcome and attract top engineering talent. Therefore, companies must arrange training sessions, introductory team meetings, and other work-related documents for new employees to ensure smooth onboarding.

The onboarding process must include the company culture’s do’s and don’ts to ensure employee compliance. Also, during the onboarding process organization must inform employees about the work timings and leave policy.
Employ a transparent feedback mechanism
A transparent and effective feedback mechanism allows engineering team members to voice their concerns and raise issues with the management. Organizations must listen to what employees want and offer the right solutions.

Conducting one-on-one meetings with remote team members and company-wide surveys can effectively capture employee views and sentiments about the work culture.

Feedback plays a key role in the success of remote engineering teams.
Use project management tools
For large remote teams, project management tools help track different tasks and ongoing activities. With the right project management tools, organizations can facilitate collaboration between different teams and scale effectively.

Managers can easily assign deadlines for various projects and track progress. Moreover, they can also switch members between different remote teams when necessary.

Related Post: The Six Best Project Management Tools for 2022

Summary

Scaling remote engineering teams can make or break the company. And so, ensure your scaling strategy considers the increase in workload and makes your team work smarter, not harder.

Are you looking for software engineers to build and scale your remote team?

Turing can help you get talented software engineers.

Turing gives companies access to over 3M+ pre-vetted Silicon Valley caliber developers from around the world. Choose from over 100+ skills and get software engineers within 3-5 days. Visit Turing’s hire developers page for more information.

FAQs

How do you scale a technical team?

To scale a technical team, prepare a structured plan, reassess the engineering team structure, form clear communication methods, create a strong team culture, set up a good onboarding process, put in place a smooth feedback mechanism, and use the right project management tools.
How do you split an engineering team during scaling?

To split an engineering team during scaling, identify and separate different stages of the software development process. You can then assign members that have different skills to various teams.
What is team scalability?

Team scalability is the process of getting an increase in revenue without increasing expenses. For example, if you have a 30% increase in revenue but have to hire three new employees, your team is not being scaled. If you find a way to manage that 30% increase with your current team, you have scaled your business.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Sep 13, 2022

Unit testing vs integration testing: Key differences

Software Comparisons

Unit Testing vs Integration Testing: 4 Key Differences Explained

Unit testing vs Integration testing: Unit testing is the process of checking the functionality of a particular piece of code. Integration testing is the process.

Unit testing vs Integration testing, which is better? Can we do integration testing without unit testing? What is the main purpose of integration testing? What are two types of integration testing? What are unit testing tools?

This blog will help you answer all these questions.

What is unit testing?

Unit testing is the type of testing wherein components or units of a software undergo testing. Unit testing happens during the development phase of the application to ensure that each part of the software performs design-specific functions.

By using unit testing, developers can conclude whether the tested part is ready to use or not. Unit testing isolates a part of the software to check it separately not affecting other parts of the software. Using the isolation technique, developers identify bugs in the early stage of development which keep the cost of fixing bugs low.

Unit testing is the process of checking the code of different software modules.

What is integration testing?

Integration testing is a type of software testing in which the different units, modules or components of a software application are tested as a combined entity. Integration testing ensures that two separate modules work seamlessly together.

By using integration testing, developers can combine different modules of separate software and integrate the modules into an end product. This testing method tests whether the two modules communicate with each other properly.

Using dummy programs, developers can simulate the missing part of a software module that is not allowing smooth communication. Later they can code that part into the module.

Integration testing is the process of checking whether two software modules work together or not.

Here are the key differences between unit and integration testing.

Unit testing vs Integration testing: Team size
Unit testing does not require a team of developers to check pieces of code. A single developer can easily perform software unit testing.

On the other hand, integration testing requires a team of developers. The team of developers prepares test plans, designs test cases, run multiple tests, and identifies and fixes key issues with system integration testing.

Check out this blog to know 4 Qualities of High Performing Teams.
Unit testing vs Integration testing: Code accessibility
To perform unit testing, code accessibility is necessary as developers need to check the written code.

Unlike unit testing, integration testing does not require code accessibility as developers only need to check the interfaces and module interactions.
Unit testing vs Integration testing: System-wide issues
Software unit testing checks software parts and modules for issues. Developers only check the code and software functionality. They do not check any system issues.

System integration testing checks for the connection between two or more modules. By doing this, developers check any system-wide issues that arise from the modules used for integration.
Unit testing vs Integration testing: Bug detection
Bug detection in software unit testing is easy as developers check the piece of code, identify the issue, and rewrite the code to fix the issue.

On the other hand, bug detection in system integration testing takes more time as developers need to understand the origin of the bug, find the solution and test the performance of the new approach.

Other key differences

Main differences between integration testing and unit testing

What are some of the common unit testing tools?

Some of the common unit testing tools are as follows:

Junit: Junit helps conduct unit tests for Java programming language software applications. Junit helps test software data and code and offers assertions for the test method in use.
PHPUnit: PHP programmers can use PHPUnit for software unit testing that allows you to check small pieces of code individually.
JMockit: JMockit is an open-source unit testing tool based on the Java framework. JMockit helps mock objects in testing and uses instrumentation APIs to alter code during runtime.

Related Post: 7 Popular Open Source Tools to Checkout

What are the common approaches to integration testing?

Some of the common approaches to integration testing are as follows:

Big bang testing

In this testing method, developers combine all the modules of a system as one unit and conduct integration tests.
Top-down testing

With this method, developers test the modules from top to the bottom. Top-down system integration testing checks the top modules before moving to the lower modules.
Bottom-up testing

This method tests the modules from bottom to top. Bottom-up system integration testing checks the bottom modules before moving to the higher modules.

Summary

Unit testing determines whether a particular module or part of the software works as per expectation by checking the code. Integration testing, on the other hand, determines whether different modules work together in a software system

Unit testing and integration testing are important stages in the software development cycle. Developers well-versed with unit testing or integration testing can help organizations develop excellent software in an efficient and timely manner.

Are you experienced in the unit or integration testing?

Turing can help you get your dream job.

Turing offers long-term high paying remote software jobs in top US jobs companies. Visit our Jobs page to know more.

FAQs

What are two types of unit testing?

The two types of unit testing are manual testing and automated testing. Manual unit testing involves writing the code by hand whereas automated unit testing uses prewritten code script to solve common issues.
Is integration testing part of functional testing?

No, integration testing is not a part of functional testing. Integration testing tests different modules for interaction in a system whereas functional testing tests the functionality of all parts of a software application.
What are the steps in integration testing?

The steps in integration testing include preparing the test plan, designing test cases, test scenarios, use cases and scripts, module integration, error detection, bug fixing, and retesting functionalities.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Sep 6, 2022

Languages, frameworks, tools, and trends

7 Reasons to Choose Apache Iceberg

Apache Iceberg is a high-performance table format that allows multiple applications to work together on the same dataset.

What is Apache Iceberg? What problem does Apache Iceberg solve? Is Apache Iceberg a data lake? When was Apache Iceberg released?

This blog will help you answer all these questions.

Organizations today have a high number of large datasets to store and analyze. Data lakes help organizations store both structured and unstructured data at any scale. In addition, data lakes help process the data as per requirement and enable organizations to make sound data-driven decisions.

What is Apache Iceberg?

Apache Iceberg is a new open table format designed for managing, organizing, and tracking all the files that make up a table. The table format helps break down complex datasets stored in popular file formats like Apache Parquet, Optimized row columnar, and AVRO, among others.

Apache Iceberg is a high-performance table format.

Apache Iceberg architecture keeps track of all the files using tree structures. The table format consists of a clear path to the metadata file that stores all individual data files.

How is Apache Iceberg an improvement on Apache Hive?

Introduced by Netflix, Apache Iceberg solves several data consistency and performance issues in Apache Hive. Data in Apache Hive is at the folder level that requires users to perform file list operations for working with data tables. During file list operations, data can appear missing for different object stores. Also, during updates of large partitions, entire partitions must require rewriting to be available at a new location.

Moreover, as datasets grow in Apache Hive, data querying takes quite a long due to complex directory structure and an additional layer of overheads. Users must also track the physical layout of tables while writing queries.

The data structure of Apache Iceberg is similar to Hadoop wherein the object storage maintains and manages metadata and data layers. Unlike Apache Hive, adding, removing, and updating data are fast and easy as users pull files directly at the file level instead of the partition level.

Apache Iceberg architecture provides a snapshot querying model that maps data when it grows at scale. By using the manifest and metadata files, the performance of data querying remains high and fast, with data accessible at the file level.

Here’s why you should choose Apache Iceberg

Schema evolution
In Apache Iceberg, schema evolution changes are independent and have no side effects. Schema evolution involves metadata changes that uniquely identify column names in the metadata layers with the help of ids.

Apache Iceberg architecture allows the addition, removal, and renaming of existing columns. Additionally, the table format enables changing the order of columns, widening columns, and updating map keys, struct fields, and list elements.
Hidden partitioning
Apache Iceberg offers hidden partitioning that allows you to search queries without knowing the various types of partitioning within the table.

Iceberg offers various partitioning options for timestamps, including day, date, year, and month. Also, users can partition columns using hash buckets, truncation, and identity options.
Flexible SQL
Apache Iceberg offers support for implementing analytical queries on data lakes at scale. When data grow at scale, the Apache Iceberg architecture enables flexible SQL commands to update existing rows, merge new data and delete rows and columns from tables.

Related Post: Top 21 SQL Interview Questions and Answers
Rollback and time travel
Apache Iceberg enables developers to view data at any given point in time. The Apache Iceberg architecture stores and maintains records of snapshots of the table.

There are two rollback and time travel options, namely snapshot-id and as-of-timestamp. As-of-timestamps in milliseconds allow you to select the current snapshot at a timestamp. On the other hand, snapshot-id allows you to select a specific table snapshot.
ACID compliance
ACID expands to atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability, which are a set of properties applied to database transactions. Table formats without ACID compliance take a long time to answer data queries.

Apache Iceberg makes queries on the files cost-effective and efficient by reducing the amount of data. The Apache Iceberg architecture holds metadata on files to reduce data complexity and query response time.
Supports multiple query engines and file formats
Apache Iceberg offers flexibility to developers by allowing access to different query engines and file formats. Developers can choose from query engines like Hadoop, Trino, Hive, Flink, Spark, and more. Similarly, developers can select different file formats like Apache Parquet, Avro, and ORC, among others.

The flexibility of Apache Iceberg architecture helps developers choose the best option on a case-by-case basis. Iceberg offers easy adaptability and high stability for several tools that can integrate with table formats.
AWS Integrations
Apache Iceberg uses the iceberg module to provide smooth integration with different AWS services. Apache Iceberg architecture supports AWS integration for engines including Spark, Flink, and Apache Hive.

Similarly, the table format offers several custom catalog options that include the glue catalog, DynamoDB catalog, and RDS JDBC catalog. Developers can choose from different catalog-specific AWS documentation to set up and build the Iceberg catalog.

Check out this blog to know all about the AWS certification guide.

Summary

Apache Iceberg is a new and improved table format that facilitates the smooth processing of data. By providing quick collaboration, safe and reliable data querying, and integration with several engines and catalogs, Apache Iceberg is the popular choice for big data platforms.

Organizations realize the importance of lake house style architectures that can evolve and scale seamlessly. Hence, companies are looking to hire skilled developers with good knowledge of the latest table formats and styles.

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FAQs

When was Apache Iceberg released?
Apache Iceberg was released on Aug 15, 2021.
Is Apache Iceberg a data lake?
No, Apache Iceberg is a table format that helps manage data in data lakes. A data lake is a storage system that collects and stores structured and unstructured data at any scale.
How do you read and write data in Apache Iceberg?
To read and write data in Apache Iceberg, developers can use the data frame feature of different querying engines like Spark and Flink, among others.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Sep 1, 2022

For Employers

SRE vs DevOps: What Is the Difference?

SRE vs DevOps: DevOps is the process of keeping stages of the software product development cycle continuous by using agile methodologies. SRE is the process ….

What to choose in SRE vs DevOps? Is SRE only for the cloud? What is the role of DevOps? Can SRE and DevOps co-exist? Does SRE require coding? Is DevOps a good career path? Are SRE and DevOps the same?

This post will help you answer all these questions.

Organizations can choose between SRE and DevOps for software development, release, and production. A detailed comparison between these two approaches can help organizations make the best choice.

What is DevOps?

DevOps is a combination of development and operations. DevOps’s goal is to ensure that the team responsible for coding is also maintaining the code in production.

Continuous delivery allows developers to verify application updates before deploying software. Apart from continuous delivery, DevOps includes software development, release, testing, integration, configuration management, and real-time monitoring.

DevOps combines software development and operations.

What is SRE?

SRE stands for site reliability engineering. SRE is a collaboration between software engineering and system operations. SRE’s responsibilities include identifying and preventing the problems that can cause downtime.

SRE combines system operations with software engineering.

SRE deals with software development parameters like speed, quality, design, agility, and innovation. Also, SRE handles operational requirements like security, performance, availability, and maintainability.

Comparison between SRE and DevOps

SRE vs DevOps: Organization

Most organizations have many departments working on the same product. However, the product can fall apart if these departments do not work together.

DevOps helps remove team members’ disagreements and brings them together under a shared vision. DevOps’s goal is to enable each department to make optimum use of resources.

SREs, on the other hand, do not target silos directly but push everyone to discuss. By doing this, they share the ownership of a product with everyone working on it across the company.
SRE vs DevOps: Fail testing

Companies know that software will fail at some point if not tested regularly. DevOps uses automated testing to find mistakes and mitigate risks. By doing this, DevOps ensures that the teams don’t repeat mistakes.

SREs use two methods to check failure: service level indicators and service level objectives. SLIs measure failures per request over time, and SLOs represent the success percentage of SLIs.
SRE vs DevOps: Progress measurement

DevOps uses four metrics to measure performance. These include deployment frequency, time to restore service, lead time for changes, and change failure rate.

SREs use four signals, namely traffic, latency, saturation, and errors to measure progress. Developers must take established benchmarks against each metric into account for measurement.
SRE vs DevOps: Team structure

SRE teams comprise site reliability engineers with prior experience in software development and operations.

DevOps teams can include several members like quality analysts, software developers, release managers, system administrators, product owners, and system reliability engineers, among others.

Related Post: 7 Reasons Kubernetes Is Important for DevOps
SRE vs DevOps: Tools

DevOps and SREs include similar tools that include containers, microservices, continuous integration, continuous deployment, infrastructure as code, resilience testing, and monitoring systems among others.
SRE vs DevOps: Focus

SRE’s focus is to create highly reliable and ultra-scalable applications. SRE’s responsibilities primarily center around ensuring and maintaining the reliability of the application over making quick changes.

On the other hand, DevOps focuses on creating production environments wherein developers have more control. DevOps’s goal is to set up CI/CD pipelines across all the stages of the product for agile development.
SRE vs DevOps: Implementation of change

DevOps employs small changes gradually instead of deploying large-scale changes to the software application. By doing this, DevOps applications face fewer bugs and consist of excellent review management.

SREs roll back early and often to make the product error-free. To implement changes, SREs validate updates with canary releases. Additionally, SREs responsibilities include balancing reliability with frequent updates.
SRE vs DevOps: Automation

SRE works to eliminate tedious tasks by identifying and removing tasks that take more than fifty percent of an engineer’s time. Also, SREs prepare specific codes for different operations and add the codes to a playbook.

DevOps automation practices create feedback loops between the operations and development teams. DevOps’s goal of automation is to push iterative updates faster to the applications in production.

Summary

SRE and DevOps are two sides of the same coin.

Organizations can use SRE or DevOps to ensure collaboration between operations and software development teams. However, companies should opt for DevOps if they want to bring the product to market fast and integrate updates during production. On the other hand, if companies require task automation on a large scale, they must opt for SREs.

If you are looking to hire DevOps or site reliability engineers, try Turing.

Turing allows companies to hire pre-vetted, Silicon Valley-caliber developers for 100+ skills in just 3-5 days! from a talent pool of 3 million developers.

FAQs

1. Does SRE require coding?

Yes, SRE’s require coding. Site reliability engineers look to improve the reliability of a system. This goal sometimes requires digging into the source code of a system, determining the issue, and often contributing a fix back to the code base

2.Is DevOps a good career path?

Yes, the demand for DevOps has grown 40-50 percent in the last five years.

3.Which language is the best for DevOps?

Python is the most popular language for DevOps as it offers a wide range of library modules to perform common tasks. Programming languages are used in the core development of DevOps systems. Hence, DevOps professionals require the knowledge of the right programming languages that can be used in these systems.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Aug 28, 2022

Software Comparisons

Laravel vs CodeIgniter: Which PHP Framework Is Better?

Laravel vs CodeIgniter: CodeIgniter is a PHP framework that is an elegant toolkit to build feature-rich web applications. Laravel is an open-source PHP …

Is Laravel good for big projects? What are the advantages of CodeIgniter? Which is easy to learn, Laravel or CodeIgniter? Is Laravel front-end or back-end? Which is the fastest PHP framework?

This blog will help you answer these questions.

Developers can choose between CodeIgniter and Laravel as per the project requirement, framework knowledge, use cases, etc. A detailed comparison between these two popular PHP frameworks can help developers make the right choice.

What is Laravel?

Laravel is an open-source PHP framework that helps build robust applications with less code. Based on model-view-controller architecture, the Laravel framework offers an integrated packaging system and a devoted dependency manager.

Applications built using the Laravel framework are highly scalable and have easy-to-maintain codebases. Laravel features include an extensive library with reusable components, web development tools, command line interfaces, and object-relational mapping, among others.

What is CodeIgniter?

CodeIgniter is an open-source PHP framework that helps build dynamic, fully functional web pages. CodeIgniter offers a rich set of libraries to perform common and repetitive tasks. CodeIgniter framework uses a simple interface and logical structure to access the set of libraries.

Applications built using CodeIgniter have excellent database and session management. CodeIgniter features include flexible URL routing, full page caching, error logging, and form and data validation, among others.

According to statistics, 119,000 websites are currently using CodeIgniter, whereas 6,45,000 websites are using Laravel. Popular websites built using CodeIgniter include Buffer, The Mail and Guardian, Nissan, and Creditflux. On the other hand, popular websites built using Laravel include Watchseries, Laracast, Alphacoders, and Barchart, among others.

Now, let’s compare the two.

1. Laravel vs CodeIgniter: Unit Testing

Laravel provides a built-in unit testing feature named PHPUnit. PHPUnit allows developers to check the application code thoroughly.

CodeIgniter does not offer any built-in unit testing support. Developers using the CodeIgniter framework must use third-party unit testing tools to check code quality and application

2. Laravel vs CodeIgniter: Learning Curve

CodeIgniter framework has a shallow learning curve making it easier for developers to learn and practice with CodeIgniter.

Laravel framework has a steep learning curve, with developers taking some time to learn and practice with Laravel.

3. Laravel vs CodeIgniter: Authentication

In CodeIgniter, developers must write custom CodeIgniter extensions for user authentication and authorization.

On the other hand, Laravel offers the authentication class feature to execute authentication and authorization for web applications.

4. Laravel vs CodeIgniter: HTTP routes

By using the Laravel framework, developers can define custom HTTP routes. Developers can also create a specific URL for each HTTP route.

CodeIgniter uses the response and request mechanism to set up HTTP routes. Developers must create paths to facilitate data transmission.

5. Laravel vs CodeIgniter: DBMS support

The Laravel framework offers support for Oracle, IBM, DB2, PostgreSQL OrientDB, JDBC, and MYSQL among others.

CodeIgniter also offers support for the above-mentioned database management systems, excluding IBM and JDBC. Additionally, the CodeIgniter framework supports Microsoft BI and MongoDB.

Check out this post to learn more about MongoDB and its features.

6. Laravel vs CodeIgniter: Modularity features

Laravel provides in-built modules that allow developers to divide parts of a big project into smaller modules. By doing this, developers can work on them separately.

Unlike Laravel, the CodeIgniter framework does not have any in-built modules. Developers must use extensions to create and maintain separate modules.

What are the advantages of Laravel?

The advantages of Laravel include

Proper documentation
Integration with mail services
Fewer repetitive tasks
Short product development cycle
Excellent exceptional handling
Smooth database migration
Cache integration
High level of security
Fast debugging
Automated testing

What are the advantages of CodeIgniter?

The advantages of CodeIgniter include

Instant configuration
Secure platform
User-friendly interface
Migration support services
Community support
Test-driven development
Error-handling
Website customizability
Lightweight framework

Other key differences between Laravel and CodeIgniter

7 differences between Laravel and CodeIgniter.

Summary

The Laravel framework was launched five years after the CodeIgniter framework. Laravel is an advanced PHP framework that provides seamless updates and integration. In the Laravel vs CodeIgniter battle, Laravel does have the edge over CodeIgniter because of the elegant and advanced features it provides.

However, developers must choose their PHP framework as per the project’s requirements. In addition, they must carefully weigh the pros and cons of each PHP framework to make an informed decision.

Are you an experienced Laravel or CodeIgniter developer looking for a job?

Turing can help.

Turing offers remote software developers long-term jobs with unmatched compensation at top US companies. Visit our Jobs page to know more.

FAQs

Is Laravel good for big projects?
Laravel is a flexible PHP framework that offers a wide range of features to successfully implement big projects.

Is Laravel front-end or back-end?
Laravel is a back-end PHP framework that helps you build modern websites and applications.

Is CodeIgniter easy to learn?
Yes, CodeIgniter is quite easy to learn for developers.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Aug 20, 2022

For Employers

Artificial Intelligence vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning: What’s the Difference?

Artificial intelligence is the human-like intelligence of computer systems, machine learning uses data processing to build smart applications, deep learning …

What is machine learning? What is Artificial intelligence? What is deep learning? Is deep learning a form of AI? What should I learn first, AI or ML?

This post will help you answer all these questions.

Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning are advanced technologies that enable companies to create futuristic applications and machines. Companies are looking to hire trained professionals in the field of AI, machine learning, and deep learning to build applications that set them apart from the competition.

Organizations and hiring managers must understand the key differences between AI, deep learning, and machine learning before interviewing applicants for relevant job roles.

Deepen your knowledge of AI/ML & Cloud technologies and learn from tech leaders to supercharge your career growth.

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What is artificial intelligence?

Artificial intelligence is the process of creating smart human-like machines. AI-powered machines aim to think and act like humans. Machines gather human intelligence by processing and converting the data in their system. Most machines with artificial intelligence aim to solve complex problems like healthcare innovation, safe driving, clean energy, and wildlife conservation.

Artificial intelligence is an umbrella term that includes natural language processing, machine learning, deep learning, machine vision, and robotics, among other things. Check out this post to learn more about the best programming languages for AI development.

Machine learning is a subset of AI that helps you create AI-based applications, whereas deep learning is a subset of machine learning that makes effective models using large amounts of data.

For example, Amazon Echo smart speaker is an AI-based product that uses natural language processing to convert users’ voice commands into a machine-readable format. Amazon Echo uses Alexa, a voice user interface to get answers to user queries and return a positive voice output.

What are different types of artificial intelligence?

There are four different types of artificial intelligence.

Reactive machines
Reactive machines use the input to give some output but do not store these inputs or perform any learning functions. These machines do not have any memory and constantly need inputs to give output. Examples include chess programs on computers, Netflix’s recommendation engine, and spam filters.
Limited memory
Limited memory machines store data over time and use that data to make predictions. Such machines create predictive models on the basis of input data. The AI environment in limited memory machines updates the old prediction model in lieu of new data. Examples include self-driving cars.
Theory of mind
There is no theory of mind application at the moment. Google Maps as a theory of mind application would reply in a sentient manner. For example, the app would reply ‘calm down please’ to an angry user demanding directions before giving the directions.
Self-aware
There are no self-aware AI-driven machines right now. We are still a few years away from making machines that can think and act like human beings. A self-aware AI system will have complete access and understanding of its own. This type of AI will be an exact replica of human intelligence.

Related Post: Reshaping the Healthcare Industry with AI

What is machine learning?

Machine learning utilizes statistical algorithms to create predictive models based on past learnings and findings. Machine learning applications process a lot of data and learn from the rights and wrongs to build a strong database.

A common example of machine learning is a chatbot used for assisting existing and potential customers online. When a user feeds a query into a chatbot, the chatbot recognizes the keyword and pulls the answer from the database.

What are the different categories of machine learning?

There are three different categories of machine learning.

Supervised learning
Supervised learning uses labeled data to produce trained machine learning models. In supervised learning, existing sets of input data and output responses create the classification and training models.

Common examples of supervised machine learning algorithms include logistic regression, linear regression, naïve bayes, decision trees, and support vector machines. These algorithms help create image classification, fraud detection, and spam filtering applications.
Unsupervised learning
Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning in which models are trained using an unlabeled dataset and allowed to act on that data without any supervision.

Common examples of unsupervised machine learning algorithms include hierarchical clustering, anomaly detection, and k-means clustering. These algorithms help build recommendation systems and fraud detection applications, among others.
Reinforcement learning
Reinforcement learning is the process of learning through trial and error. Reinforced learning uses a reward and penalty system to develop machine learning models. The interaction with the data takes place in an exploratory manner by creating successful actions through critical feedback.

Common examples of reinforcement learning algorithms include Q-learning and deep Q-learning of neural networks. These algorithms are used in multiagent systems, game theory, control theory, simulation-based optimization, and swarm intelligence, among others.

What is deep learning?

Deep learning refers to the process of creating algorithms inspired by the human brain. Similar to the human brain, deep learning builds neural networks that filter information through different layers.

For example, Google translate uses a large neural network called Google Neural Machine Translation or GNMT. GNMT uses an encoder-decoder model and transformer architecture to reduce one language into a machine-readable format and yield translation output.

What are the different types of network architecture of deep learning?

There are three types of network architecture of deep learning.

Convolutional neural network
The convolutional neural network (CNN) is a type of deep learning algorithm that classifies input images or data based on weights/biases. This algorithm is inspired by the structure of the visual cortex of the human brain. CNN is widely used in facial recognition technology.
Recurrent neural network
The recurrent neural network builds sequential models based on past data. Each sequence has some memory of the previous output that it combines with the latest input to give the best outcome. Google’s voice search uses the recurrent neural network.
Recursive neural network
The recursive neural network uses a tree-like structure to process data over time. The RNN network builds predictive models to apply to sequential data for favorable outcomes. The tree-like structures break down large chunks of data into small hierarchies that clearly define related datasets.

Differences between artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning

Artificial Intelligence vs Machine learning vs Deep learning

Differences between artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning

Summary

Deep learning and machine learning are subsets of AI wherein AI is the umbrella term. Each of these technologies can create smart applications. Companies can use machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence for several projects.

However, before choosing the right technology and hiring the right candidates make sure that you consider the project size and the resources the company can allocate for the project.

If you want to hire skilled, pre-vetted artificial intelligence, deep learning, and machine learning professionals try Turing.com.

Turing helps you hire the top 1 percent of software developers in 4 days. Companies can choose from a pool of 3 million developers to find the best candidate.

FAQs

What is the best language for machine learning?
Popular programming languages for machine learning include Python, R, LISP, Java, and JavaScript.
Where is deep learning used?
Deep learning is used in several industries including medical science and automated driving among other things. It is used for diagnosing life-threatening diseases like cancer by building imaging software and identifying road signs to assist drivers.
Is AI easy to learn?
AI can be easy to learn if you are good at math and have excellent problem-solving and critical thinking skills.

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By Ashwin Dua ● Aug 16, 2022

Ashwin Dua

About Ashwin Dua

What are IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

What is IaaS?

What is PaaS?

What is SaaS?

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: Characteristics

IaaS Characteristics

PaaS Characteristics

SaaS Characteristics

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: Pros and Cons

IaaS Pros and Cons

PaaS Pros and Cons

SaaS Pros and Cons

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: Use Cases and Examples

IaaS Use Cases and Examples

PaaS Use Cases and Examples

SaaS Use Cases and Examples

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: When to Use IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

When to use IaaS:

When to use PaaS:

When to use SaaS:

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: Key Differences

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS Diagram

Summary

FAQs

What is the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

How do I choose between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS for my business?

What are the cost structures for IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

How do IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS handle scalability?

Are IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS secure?

What are some examples of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS providers?

Can I use a combination of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS for my business?

What is vendor lock-in, and how does it affect IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS users?

How do IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS impact deployment speed?

What are the main advantages of using cloud services like IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

What is Angular Material?

What is Bootstrap?

What is the difference between Angular and Angular Material?

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Can these two be used together?

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Let’s compare the two

Unique components

Card

Dialog or Modal

Menu or Navbar

Expansion panel

Application architecture

Responsive-oriented approach

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Practical use cases comparison

E-commerce Platforms:

Content Management Systems (CMS):

Data Visualization Tools:

Enterprise Applications:

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Which one to choose on the basis of performance and speed?

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Which one is better for accessibility and internationalization?

Accessibility:

Internationalization (i18n):

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: Which is better?

Angular Material vs Bootstrap: FAQs

What is black box testing?

What are the steps to perform black box testing?

What is white box testing?

What are the steps to perform white box testing?

Black box testing vs white box testing: Key differences

What are some common black box testing techniques?

Equivalence partitioning

Error guessing

Boundary value analysis

State transition testing

Decision table testing

What are some common white box testing techniques?Common white box testing techniques include …

Statement coverage testing

Branch coverage testing

Path coverage testing

Summary

Beginner Scrum Master interview questions

What is Scrum?

What are the features of Scrum?

What are the different roles in Scrum?

What is Scrum sprint?

What are some common white box testing techniques?

Common white box testing techniques include …

What personality traits do game-based candidate assessment tests measure?

Game-based candidate assessment tests measure the following personality traits: