Skills, Interviews, and Jobs

With the evolution of AI, sophisticated large language models (LLMs) have emerged that are capable of processing vast amounts of data and generating responses for users. Tools like ChatGPT and other generative AI (Gen AI) systems have revolutionized the way people work, study, and access information.

However, effectively utilizing these tools requires more than just their existence. AI lacks inherent abilities to understand user intent without clear instructions. It relies on prompt engineering—the art of crafting precise queries—to deliver meaningful results. As a result, there has been a surge in demand for prompt engineers who specialize in formulating the right questions to extract desirable insights from AI systems. These AI prompt engineers possess the unique skill of translating human intent into language that machines can comprehend.

Through this article, we’ll delve into the key prompt engineering skills that aspiring prompt engineers should cultivate to excel in this dynamic field.

Skills needed to become a prompt engineer

Programming proficiency

Although prompt engineering is not similar to programming, prompt engineers are required to have some coding knowledge. A proficiency in Python enables them to understand the details of the AI models wherein they can fine-tune algorithms and optimize performance. 

In addition, having a robust understanding of APIs, operating systems, and command-line interfaces (CLIs) can significantly enhance one’s capabilities as a prompt engineer. The specific requirements may vary depending on the company and the AI platform being utilized.

Computer science fundamentals

A strong foundation in computer science is indispensable for prompt engineers. Having the knowledge of data structures, algorithms, and software development equips the engineers with tools to create, train, and deploy AI models. 

Critical thinking

Critical thinking is a cornerstone skill for AI prompt engineers, enabling them to better evaluate AI outputs. By analyzing patterns and identifying inconsistencies within data, prompt engineers can refine AI models for enhanced performance.
Critical thinking fosters a problem-solving mindset that empowers engineers to overcome challenges and drive innovation in prompt engineering.

Effective verbal and written communication

Prompt engineers need to communicate to AI systems using carefully chosen words and phrases. Crafting detailed prompts can be complex, sometimes requiring hundreds or even thousands of words. Additionally, because prompt engineering involves different fields, good communication and teamwork are essential for success.

These skills allow prompt engineers to articulate technical concepts to non-technical stakeholders with clarity and precision. This in turns fosters collaboration and understanding between all teams  and ensures that everyone involved understands the goals, limitations, and implications of AI solutions.

Proficiency in AI technology

Prompt engineers leverage language skills alongside a deep grasp of natural language processing (NLP), large language models (LLMs), machine learning, and a basic understanding of AI-generated content development. This knowledge is crucial, especially if the engineer will be engaged in coding or other responsibilities related to AI platform development.

Data analysis proficiency 

Prompt engineers must comprehend the data utilized by an AI platform, including input data, prompt data, and AI-generated output. This necessitates a solid grasp of data analytics techniques and tools. 

Conclusion

In the rapidly evolving landscape of AI, prompt engineers play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between human intent and machine comprehension. From programming proficiency to critical thinking and effective communication, prompt engineers must embody a blend of technical prowess and soft skills. They are not only tasked with crafting precise queries but also with refining AI models to ensure their efficiency and relevance.

Furthermore, proficiencies in AI technology and data analysis are indispensable for prompt engineers to navigate the complexities of AI platforms and extract meaningful insights from data. These prompt engineering skills empower them to optimize performance, mitigate biases, and drive innovation in the field of prompt engineering.

As demand for AI prompt engineers continues to surge, cultivating these essential skills will be crucial for aspiring professionals looking to excel in this dynamic and impactful domain. 

Many developers aiming to move up in their professional ladder, spend hours asking themselves, “How do I switch to a software engineering manager?” While there’s no hard and fast process for this, there are certain changes every engineer or developer faces when making this change.

As a developer, transitioning from an individual contributor to a manager can be exciting, but also, challenging. You may be well-versed in testing, coding, and debugging, but managing a team demands different skills, such as delegation, communication, and conflict resolution.

Hence, in this blog post, we will explore what you can expect in the first few months when transitioning from an individual contributor role to an engineering manager. Let’s dive right in.

Transitioning from an IC to a software engineering manager – 8 things to prepare for

Transitioning from an IC to a software engineering manager

Let’s look at the things you need to keep in mind one by one. 

1. A rearrangement of your priorities
   

   The individual contributor meaning usually revolves around writing clean code, ensuring your assigned tasks are done on time, and teaching engineering best practices to your teammates. Hence, you will usually have a solid grasp of your priorities as an engineer.
   
   However, when you prepare for a managerial role, one of the first things you will wonder is what the role entails. Will you be a tech lead who will also conduct performance reviews and one-on-ones? Will you still be coding? Will you be expected to mentor or coach your team members?
   
   These questions and their answers will vary depending on where you work. But your priorities as an employee will definitely change. You will have to put your company first, your team second, and team members third. And if we may add, yourself forth. This is one of the critical things that will help you become an effective software engineering manager.
   
   As a developer or engineer, your priorities would naturally be the other way around. Now, this doesn’t necessarily mean you would not think about what’s best for the company, but you’d be prioritizing your tasks first, automatically assuming that getting them done would be good for business.
   
   However, the things you must focus on as an engineering manager are knowing how the company performs and increasing its efficiency. This is why it’s important to keep the priority order in mind, as mixing it up can land you with a splendid team that isn’t working towards moving the needle or with one where skilled individuals are going off their own ways, not producing enough value as a whole.

2. Managing your former teammates
   

   A core part of a software engineering manager’s job description is managing a team of engineers. More often than not, when you move into such a role within your organization, chances are you will lead and manage team members who were previously your peers. Some of them may even be your friends and have a similar technical experience as you.
   
   This may come off as a weird dynamic, which it naturally is. As a manager, you now influence who your ‘ex-peers’ work with, what they work on, their promotions, and much more.
   
   So, how can you turn this awkward situation into one that helps you be a good software engineering manager? Start having one-on-ones where you’re vulnerable and transparent with your team members. Address the fact that it’s awkward how you once used to be fellow engineers on the same team, and now they report to you. See their responses, and this will quickly lead to meaningful conversations where the dynamic improves and helps you manage your team effectively.

3. Thinking past your individual contributor skills
   

   As you step into the shoes of a software engineering manager, you will quickly realize how the role requires you to see past your own skills. Software engineering manager jobs are more about establishing workflows and ensuring the team sticks to them, maintaining a healthy work environment, developing project plans, and even participating in software programming. Hence, you must have some empathy and trust as you let others take on roles you once did and ensure your team operates seamlessly.
   
   Maybe you loved solving certain problems or working on coding all day. Now, you will have initiatives to drive, meetings to conduct, and various other tasks to have a proper overview of how your team is performing. This means you won’t have much time to sit and work on coding solutions. You will have to delegate work and allow other members to thrive.
   
   Also, read: 7 Tips to Write an Effective Engineering Manager Resume

4. Hiring successes and failures are on you
   

   Transitioning from an individual contributor to a manager, one of the best things you will experience is building a team. You will have to undertake hiring decisions to build a high-performing team that aligns with the company’s goals. Once you know what the team needs, you can search for candidates with strong traits to balance the team’s weaknesses. As a software engineering manager, you can even be the one to establish diversity within your team, whether that’s in gender, culture, race, age, religion, sexual orientation, or more.
   
   Also, read: Engineering Managers, This Is How You Can Judge the Diversity of Your Team
   
   While all this is exciting, there’s a downside to hiring people as well. You will now be the adjudicator for hiring decisions, which is a massive responsibility. That’s because there are two sides to this coin: if you hire someone and they perform well, your job is well done. However, it can be difficult if a new hire doesn’t do so or if the team doesn’t accommodate them ideally. If that continues, you’ll eventually have to re-hire another candidate and go through the hiring process again.
   
   There’s no way to determine if a candidate will be a 100 percent successful hire at your company. However, the key to being a great software engineering manager is to tip the scales in your favor by practicing effective tips when building your team. Here are some:
   
   
   • Look for individual contributor skills, expertise, and experience that can fill the gaps in your current team.
     
   • A team comprising all junior engineers or senior engineers can be counter-productive. Mix and match to include a good combination of team members from different levels that can help the team be more efficient. 
     
   • Don’t focus just on skills. Hiring brilliant engineers without gauging their soft skills can pose a major risk in your software engineering manager role. Hence, check if they’re team-oriented, good communicators, and have an inclusive mindset, as these are just as critical for a team’s success. 
     
   • Focus on intersectionality and diversity to build your team’s overall skillset as vastly as possible.

5. Longer feedback cycles
   

   As an individual contributor, you may have fallen in love with the magic of writing code and instantly seeing its results on a website being used by many people. This instant feedback cycle excites many engineers, and it’s often one of the reasons they enjoy coding. Once you become a software engineering manager, the absence of this instant feedback cycle is one of the first things you’ll notice as a leader. This is because management seldom yields instant results.
   
   As a manager, you can advise your team members or implement new strategies that will eventually take weeks, or even months, to surface as fruitful or not. The feedback loop a manager experiences is much longer than the one you may have gotten used to in your individual contributor role.
   
   As an engineer, you get feedback on your design documents, code, or how your projects have been going. As a software engineering manager, you will have none of this. There will often be ambiguity about your expectations in your role. But, handling this uncertainty and establishing long-term gains is what makes a leader a team can look up to.
   
   Also Read: 6 Mistakes Hiring Managers Should Avoid Making
   

6. The urgency to figuring out your time management strategy 
   

   When you become a software engineering manager, you’re likely to spend most of your time on these:
   
   
   • Managing – conducting one-on-ones, team meetings, and mentoring team members
     
   • Hiring – establishing interview best practices to hire the right people
     
   • Monitoring – evaluating the team’s individual performance and overall delivery metrics
     
   • Planning and communicating – being the point of contact for both senior managers and your team members, gathering resources, and jointly planning for long-term goals with other teams
     
   • Developing – working on technical tasks, including writing code and conducting code reviews (this decreases the more senior managing role you occupy)
     
     As you can see here, the software engineering manager’s roles and responsibilities involve far more tasks than what you may have undertaken as an individual contributor. Hence, when you move into a managerial role, you will quickly feel the need to figure out your time management strategy.
     
     You will have more meetings than before. Most of the time, you will schedule many of those yourself – the vital ones being the team meetings, one-on-ones, and syncing with key stakeholders. Here, you will have to decide how to structure these and leave time for uninterrupted tasks. Since you’re the software engineering manager, you will also have to take into account how much these meetings obstruct your team’s time and minimize that.
     
     Since there’s no cookie-cutter approach to this, the best way to set up a time management strategy is by noting how many meetings you are involved in (per day or week), how much time they take, and planning your tasks around them.

7. Avoiding conflict
   

   As an individual contributor, there may have been times when you saw one of your colleagues not pulling their weight and wished you could fire them. However, once you become a software engineering manager, you will quickly realize that firing an employee is not easy. That’s because you will be the one to deliver the bad news.
   
   Many first-time managers experience conflict avoidance when they first undertake the managerial role. It’s only natural if you feel the same, as you never had to have difficult conversations with your teammates as an individual contributor. However, having these conversations is a big part of being a software engineering manager. While such conversations may not occur regularly, they are vital. What you say during those conversations can have more impact than you know.
   
   Moreover, not all these tough conversations revolve around work performance either. Some work environments may not be as peaceful as others, and you may find a team member having issues unrelated to work or being closed off as they’re unhappy with you or someone else on the team. No matter what, getting used to having such conversations and not avoiding conflict is key when transitioning from individual contributor to manager.
   
   Also, read: 6 Common Interview Mistakes Remote Developers Make

8. Stressing about where you stand in your team
   

   Lastly, when you become a software engineering manager, one of the hardest (and sadly, most common) things you will experience is worrying about where you stand in your team. Once you get into your managerial role, there will be an invisible divide between your team and you, irrespective of how deeply involved you were with the team as an individual contributor. But you must remember that although this is an unpleasant feeling, it’s completely natural.
   
   You may want to maintain the same relationship with your team members that you had before. However, there will be times when you will have to criticize their work, deliver strong feedback, settle disputes between members, or even handle HR situations.
   
   While you may be worrying about this new divide between you and your ex-peers, don’t forget that you’ll have new peers as a manager – the other engineering managers in your company. That’s why you must network with the other managers once you take up your managerial position. This will help you form invaluable relationships and allow other managers to be there for you, whether that’s to help you navigate new challenges or work on cross-team projects. 

Apply for remote engineering jobs at Turing

Transitioning from individual contributor to manager, as important as it is, comes with its own set of challenges. A managerial role puts you deeper into the company’s bigger picture and hands you the responsibility of creating, managing, and mentoring teams for the company’s success. 

Whether you’re considering a transition to a software engineering manager or you’re already one, this blog will provide you with key insights into what you can expect once you take up the role. Moreover, we hope the information shared here can help you prepare for the move and set yourself up for success. 

If you’re actively searching for lucrative remote engineering jobs, visit Turing. We provide AI-matched, high-paying engineering opportunities where you can work with top U.S. clients from anywhere in the world. Sign up today.

Sending a job application email is a quick and convenient way to make a lasting impression on hiring managers and differentiate yourself from a sea of applicants. Let’s take a look at what is considered a good job application email and how to write a job application email that can you make you stand out.

What is a job application email?

A job application email is a quick and easy way to present your skills to an employer. Generally, a job application email consists of an explanation of the purpose of the email, an attached resume, and a cover letter, explaining why you have the potential to be a great hire.

A simple job application email format should include:

1. An email body with a clear explanation of who you are, the job role you’re applying for, and your qualifications
2. An attached resume with relevant work experience and required certifications
3. Cover letter explaining why you’d be a great fit for the job 
4. Your contact information, so that the employer can reach out to you

Also, read: 4 Tips to Build A Great Resume and Get Hired

Writing an email to apply for a job is rather tricky because you need to make sure that the email content is striking enough to catch the recruiter’s eye. Your email application needs to impress the recruiter and drive them to consider you for the role. 

Job application email subject: Write one that gets your email opened

Here’s the thing: your email is only as good as your subject line. Your job application email subject line can make or break your chances. In other words, the subject line on your email informs the recruiter whether or not to open your email at all. So make sure to be clear and concise here.

The best way to do this is by simply stating your name and the job role you’re applying for.
Example: 

• Jon Doe- Application for Senior Front-End Developer 

• Application: Junior Python Developer, Jane Doe
• Senior Django Developer Application: Karl Max

How to write a job application email that works?

To write a successful job application email, you have to remember that this email is the first impression you’re making on the employer. So be mindful of the language you use, the attachments you add, and the overall tone of the message. 

The tone of your message should be informational, so keep the contents professional and straightforward. You can make things easier for yourself by considering the mail body as a brief sales pitch for yourself.

Here are a few things to consider if you want to nail your job application email in the first go:

1. Address the employer/recruiter
   

   Make sure to properly address the hiring manager, a simple ‘Hello’ can take your message from being cold and impersonal to be friendly. Take the extra step, and mention the hiring manager by name. However, if you don’t know the name, a direct “Good Morning/Afternoon”, or “Hello” can also be used to start the mail

2. Introduce yourself and the purpose of writing the email within the first paragraph

   Get straight to the point! You may think it a bit abrupt to immediately move towards business, however, recruiters are busy people, and pleasantries would only take up more of their time. Immediately introduce yourself and explain why you’re writing the email.

3. Explicitly mention the job position you’re interested in

   Companies often have numerous vacancies at the same time. Therefore, it is always great to explicitly specify the position you’re applying for. Make sure to clearly state the job role, and where you found the vacancy, i.e., a job board, company website, or even through a colleague. This would help the recruiter understand how familiar you are with the job requirements. Also, read: 5 Tips to Increase Your Chances of Matching With Top US Jobs.

4. Move on to your educational qualifications and relevant work experience
   

   Once you’ve established your purpose, move on to explaining why you’d make a great hire. Mention your educational qualifications, and talk about previous job roles and projects you’ve undertaken. You can even point them toward an attached portfolio here. Remember, this is where you need to make a case for yourself.

5. Sign off with your contact details
   

   Once you’ve clearly stated your merits and what makes you a good hire, sign off with a friendly and concise statement. Something along the lines of “Hoping to hear back from you soon”, or “Looking forward to your reply,” would work. After this make sure to add your contact details- use the Name/ Number/ LinkedIn Profile format.
   
   Example:
   Regards,
   Jon Doe
   +123 456789
   www.linkedin.com/profile

6. Attach your resume, relevant certifications, and other material
   

   Once you’ve signed off, go ahead with the attachments. Adding your resume with detailed work experience and project information is a must. Additionally, you can also attach a cover letter, relevant certifications, and/or a portfolio of your work. Make sure the documents you attach are updated and help back up your qualifications, education, and work experience. Also, read: 7 Ways to Write A Great Software Developer Cover Letter

7. Proofread the email
   

   Go through the entire email once again. Check for mistaken dates, left-out experiences, or even simple spelling errors. Remember, you’ll need to fine-comb this email as it will be the very first impression you make on your prospective employers. Additionally, you can save a draft and send yourself a copy to see if the alignment is correct, and the email is displayed the way you want it to.

8. Hit “send” and prepare to follow-up
   

   Once you’ve gone through the above-mentioned steps, hit send. Don’t obsess over tiny details or overthink your content. At the end of the day, you’re human and allowed to make mistakes. Wait for the reply to come, however, if it takes more than a week, it is recommended to take a follow-up. In a lot of cases recruiters are busy with an influx of applications, so follow up on your job application before leaving things up to fate. 

Job application email attachments: What should you include? 

Attachments can be a confusing aspect of job application emails. The simplest thing to do here would be to go through the job description and attach the requested files. Be mindful of the formats specified, for example- see if the JD mention .docx files, PDFs, or other specific file extensions. 

Generally, a job application email attachment should include the following: 

• Resume: Attach your resume with updated personal details, education, previous work experience, projects, and certifications.
• Cover letter: You can skip the cover letter if you’ve mentioned the same information in the email body. However, if you have a more elaborate version of how your goals align with your prospective employers, make sure to add a cover letter attachment.
• Portfolio samples: A portfolio is your best marketing tool. Work samples will quickly inform the hiring manager of your prowess and skill set. Make sure to put your best foot forward here and attach your best work samples.

Job application email template

Still not sure about writing your own email job application? Refer to the following template to keep things simple: 

To: [Recipient’s email address]

Subject: Application for [Job title]: Your name

Salutation: Hello Mr./Mrs./Ms. [Name of the recipient]

Email body:

Within the first paragraph introduce yourself and the purpose of writing the email, and mention the job position you’re applying for. Mention where you found the advertisement or how you heard about the job. Get straight to the point! Introduce yourself and elaborate on why you’re interested in the job role.

In the second paragraph, move on to your educational qualifications, skills, and relevant work experience. Once you’ve established your eligibility, move on to explaining why you’d make a great hire. 

In the third paragraph, talk about previous job roles and projects you’ve undertaken. You can even point the recruiter toward an attached portfolio here. Make a case for yourself by showing what your skills are worth.

In the closing paragraph, you can inform the hiring manager/ recruiter that you’re looking forward to hearing from them, then make sure to thank them for their time. 

Sign off with a salutation like “Regards” or “Sincerely”. 

Use the Name/ Number/ LinkedIn Profile format here.

Job application email example

A job application by an experienced professional may look something like this: 

To: jondoe@email.com

Subject: Jane Abbot – Application for Senior Front-End Developer

Hello Jon,

This is regarding a recent call for Senior Front-End Developer posted on your company website. I am a Front-End Developer with over 1 year of experience in the field and 3+ years of experience running and managing my own projects and teams. 

I hold a Major in Web Development from Cornell University, I’m proficient in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, and hold in-depth knowledge of Website Design, User Experience, Client-Side Development, and Systems Administration. I have worked with and managed teams at several high-ranking companies in US, France, and Germany. 

I am attaching a portfolio- which would include previous projects and their business impacts, a comprehensive cover letter, and a CV for your perusal. Please feel free to connect with me via email or phone if you require any more information.

Looking forward to hearing from you soon. 

Thank you.

Regards,

Jane Abbot

011 1234567

Also, read: 10 Strengths and Weaknesses for Job Interviews

In sum

Writing a job application via email is a huge undertaking especially since email applications have increasingly become the norm. Hence, knowing how to write a job application email, especially a good one, is no longer optional. Although writing job application emails can be a hard task, with these tips you can create an exceptional one in minutes. Remember, you are drafting your own story and with the right approach you can create a lasting impression on your prospective employer! 

Are you a software developer looking for remote US software jobs with great compensation, career growth, and work-life balance? Try Turing. Head over to the Apply for Jobs page to know more. 

What is Scrum? What are the different roles in Scrum? What are Scrum artifacts? What is empirical process control in Scrum? How do I prepare for Scrum master interview questions?

This blog post will help you answer all these questions.

Beginner Scrum Master interview questions

1. What is Scrum?
   

   Scrum is an agile framework used by cross-functional teams to organize tasks, goals, and other project-related objectives. Scrum helps you break large and complex projects into small tasks that different teams can work on. Scrum reduces the turnaround time to complete a task and helps teams achieve shorter cycles for project delivery. 

2. What are the features of Scrum?
   

   Features of Scrum include…
   
   • Better visibility
     
   • Higher transparency 
     
   • Iterative releases
     
   • Continuous improvement
     
   • Fast adaptation to change 
     
   • Accelerated execution of ideas
     
   • Satisfied customers
     

3. What are the different roles in Scrum?

   There are three different roles in Scrum that include Scrum master, product owner, and development team.
   
   
   • Scrum Master
     A Scrum master is responsible for managing the Scrum team efficiently. This includes keeping the team on track, scheduling meetings, and performance reviews. The Scrum master can easily manage various teams of different organizations and keep a close check on issues as they arise.
     
     
   • Product owner
     The product owner makes sure that the team working on a project aligns with product goals.  Product owners set the product vision, manage product backlogs, evaluate progress and give timely feedback.
     Also, product owners communicate ideas to external stakeholders to update product goals.
     
     
   • Development team
     A development team can consist of project-specific members with expertise in engineering, data analysis, and UI/UX design, among others, per the project demand.
     
     See Also: Top 21 Node JS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
     

4. What is Scrum sprint?

   Scrum Sprint is a time-boxed event that can last up to four weeks wherein the team focuses on one goal. The goal can be a new feature or an improved iteration of an earlier feature. 

5. What are Scrum artifacts?
   

   Scrum artifacts consist of information used for product development and detailing product tasks, and backlog items. The three types of scrum artifacts include…
   
   Product backlog
   Product backlog consists of new features, bug fixes, infrastructure changes, and other activities that define clear objectives for product development.
   
   Sprint backlog
   Sprint backlog consists of items that teams plan to complete during the project sprint. The same items can be in the product backlog until they shift to the sprint backlog.
   
   Product increment
   Product increment consists of all product backlog items that teams complete during sprints and the incremental value of previous sprints.
   

6. What are daily stand-up sessions in Scrum?
   

   Daily stand-up sessions in Scrum are 15 minutes long and can deliver insights into completed tasks, pending tasks, and any issues that the team is facing.
   

7. What is Scrum-ban?
   

   Scrum-ban is a combination of Kanban, a framework used to implement DevOps and agile software development. Scrum-ban has the structure of scrum and the flexibility of Kanban. With the help of Scrum-ban, teams can utilize a versatile approach to workflow management.
   
   Also, read: Top 21 SQL Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
   

   Intermediate Scrum Master interview questions

8. What is empirical process control in Scrum?

   Empirical process control in Scrum means working in an experience-based and fact-based manner. Empirical process control ensures that project progress is transparent and based on earlier observations. It helps you improve the work you are doing and plan in line with earlier developments.

9. What is a Scrum burnout chart?
   

   Scrum burnout charts are a graphical representation of the time remaining for a particular project and the amount of work left for the project.
   
   Scrum burnout charts consist of:
   Ideal effort guideline 
   Real progress of the effort 
   X-axis that displays working days 
   Y-axis that displays the remaining effort

10. What are the impediments and sashimi in Scrum?

    Impediments refer to any obstacles that stop the progress of work, whereas Scrum announces sashimi when a task is done.

11. What is a user story?

    A user story provides simple explanations of one or more features of a project. The explanations contain the benefits of features for the end user. The main goal of a user story in Scrum is to communicate how a software feature will help the consumer.
    At the beginning of product development, teams discuss how to go about creating a product and can record user stories for specific features. Also, as product development progresses, teams can create new user stories or add information to existing ones.
    
    Below is the user story structure:
    
    As a <Type of user>
    I want <user goal>
    So that<user benefit >
    
    For example: As a customer, I want to shop from online platforms so that I do not have to go to the market.

12. What are the advantages of a user story?
    

    Advantages of a user story include…
    
    
    1. Link establishment between team members and end-user
    2. The user story’s syntax captures the objective, value, and benefit of the end-user
       
    3. Set acceptance criteria for different stories as per the user
       
    4. Flexibility to change user story as per new development
       
       See Also: Top 20 TypeScript Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
13. What are the key differences between Scrum and Agile?
    
    

    Scrum Master Interview Questions – Scrum vs Agile

14. How can you identify a good user story?
    

    A good user story is one that teams can finish in a sprint, consisting of a well-defined acceptance criterion and few dependencies. Good user stories follow the INVEST- Independent, negotiable, valuable, estimable, small, and testable principle.

15. What is the INVEST principle in Scrum?
    

    The INVEST principle includes
    
    I- The user story should be independent and not rely on any other story
    N- The user story must be open to changes agreed upon by the team and product owner
    V- The user story must add a certain value to the customer
    E- The user story should estimate the time requirement
    S- The user story must be small enough so that teams can complete it in a sprint
    T- The user story must be testable and have good acceptance criteria

16. What is timeboxing in Scrum?
    

    Timeboxing allocates a specific amount of time in which teams must complete a task. Usually, timeboxes are not longer than 15 minutes, however, teams can always request the product owner to cancel a task if they think it will take more time.
    
    See Also: Top 21 Vue JS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
    

    Advanced Scrum Master interview questions

17. What is sprint0 and spike in Scrum?
    

    Sprint0 refers to a rough skeleton of the product backlog with release dates. It is lightweight, has a minimalist design, and has low velocity.
    
    On the other hand, the spike is a collection of extreme programming activities that include prototyping, design, research, and investigation, among others. Spike helps you acquire the right information to understand product requirements and create reliable products. 

18. What is DoD in Scrum?
    

    DoD stands for ‘definition of done’, which contains a set of deliverables, including written codes, unit and integration testing, release notes, and design documents, among others. DoD facilitates quantifiable project development by identifying the right deliverables on time.
    
    DoD benefits include…
    
    
    • Providing inputs throughout a product’s lifecycle
      
    • Creating the steps necessary for iteration
      
    • Checking product backlog items
      
    • Assisting sprint review and sprint retrospective
      
    • Establishing a checklist for product backlog 
      
    • Using task-oriented and appropriate technologies to improve efficiency
      

19. Who all take part in the sprint retrospective

    A sprint retrospective is a meeting to analyze and address a product’s efficiency. It can include the Scrum master, the product owner, and all the members of the development team.
    
    See Also: Top 21 AWS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022

20. What are the steps for risk management in Scrum?
    

    In Scrum, there are five steps for risk management
    
    Risk identification: In this step, you identify different times of risk associated with product development, including legal risks, environmental risks, regulatory risks, and market risks, among others.
    
    Risk analysis: In this step, you analyze the scope of risk and how it can positively or negatively affect the business.
    
    Risk ranking: Risk ranking includes the priority of the task based on how much loss the organization will incur if a task is not completed on time.
    
    Risk treatment: Risk treatment includes deciding the course of action to eliminate risk after identifying it.
    
    Risk review: Risk review includes all the steps from risk identification to risk treatment to conclude whether a risk is eliminated or not.

21. What does the confidence vote mean in Scrum?
    

    A confidence vote is a vote wherein all the team members reveal how confident they are about the product. Team members give a confidence vote after completing all the product tasks and user stories.
    
    The purpose of the confidence vote is to increase transparency between team members by urging them to voice their concerns and reveal how much faith they have in the product.

22. What is Scrum of Scrums?

    Scrum of Scrums is a large team that includes different sub-scrum teams under the main scrum team. For example, let’s say the main Scrum team is scrum a, and then there are six sub-scrum teams, namely scrum b, scrum c, scrum d, scrum e, and scrum f. The main scrum team will oversee the products created by other scrum teams and take the final call on delivery.
    
    Scrum of Scrums is effective in creating individual teams that have a clear communication path with the main team and other teams while creating different product features. Thus, Scrum of Scrums enables teams to deliver challenging products at scale by ensuring inspection and transparency in the product development lifecycle.

23. What are the three Cs in the user story?

    Three Cs in the user story includes card, conversation, and confirmation. A card refers to a written account of a user story that includes the plan of the user story and a time estimate for completion.
    
    Conversation encourages scrum teams to talk to each other to create flawless user stories by discussing the problem and the solution before taking any action.
    
    Confirmation consists of an acceptance criterion that tests the user story for certain conditions to confirm whether it serves the intended purpose or not. 

24. What is scope creep in Scrum?

    Scope creep measures the rate of changes that occur in a project due to the decision of external stakeholders and internal teams. Scope creep identifies the growing project requirements and the rate at which they increase to help teams manage the change and take necessary steps. Here are the ways in which scope creep helps manage product development…
    
    Tracking project progress and establishing a baseline for scoping new development.
    Preparing a comparison of how different the actual work is different from an initially discussed plan.
    Locating the source of changes and how they will impact future actions.
    Selecting a preventive or corrective course of action in response to suggested changes.
    
    See Also: Top 21 Angular Interview Questions and Answers for 2022

25. What is a velocity chart in Scrum?
    

    The velocity chart depicts the average amount of work a scrum team completes during a sprint. Scrum teams use velocity to calculate how much time a task will take for sprint teams to finish. The data to calculate the velocity or speed of work of scrum teams consider previously completed user stories for different features in earlier sprints.

Summary

Scrum is a popular framework for effective project management that helps the team work together with greater transparency and trust. Hiring managers will ask Scrum Master interview questions of varying difficulty to test your knowledge of the framework. Thus, a developer must prepare well with the above-mentioned questions before appearing for an interview. 

Are you looking for software developer jobs?

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FAQ

What are the three questions in daily scrum meetings?

The three questions in daily scrum meetings are what did you do yesterday? What do you plan to do today? and what challenges are you currently facing?

What is Selenium? What are the four components of Selenium? What are the advantages of Selenium automation testing? What are the limitations of Selenium? What are the most asked Selenium interview questions?

This blog post will help you answer these questions. 

Beginner-level Selenium interview questions

1. What is Selenium?
   
   Selenium is an automated open-source testing framework that allows you to test web applications across different browsers. Selenium consists of a suite of tools that perform testing together.
   
   
2. What are the components of Selenium?
   
   The four components of Selenium include…
   
   Selenium IDE
   
   Selenium IDE refers to Integrated Development Environment. It is an open-source record and playback test automation tool that allows you to record the steps as you navigate the workflow and analyze them later.
   
   Selenium RC
   
   Selenium RC refers to remote control that provides APIs for different programming languages, including Java, PHP, C#, Ruby, etc. With Selenium RC, you can write different testing scripts for various browsers.
   
   Selenium Web Driver
   
   Selenium Web Driver interacts natively with the browser and sends commands directly to get results.
   
   Selenium Grid
   
   Selenium Grid allows you to run parallel tests on different browsers using one server that acts as a hub. Cross-browser testing helps you save time by testing at scale.
   
   
3. What are the different elements that you can find in Selenium?
   
   Different elements that you can find in Selenium include… 
   
   ID
   CSS
   Link Text
   Partial Link Text
   NameTag
   Attribute
   X-path
   
   
4. What are the different testing types supported by Selenium?
   
   Selenium supports functional testing and regression testing.
   
   Functional testing tests the function of each component of an application.
   Regression testing rechecks already tested use cases to ensure they work as expected.
   
   
5. What is Selenese?
   
   Selenese is a set of Selenium commands, including actions, accessors, and assertions.
   
   Actions are commands that interact directly with the application.
   Accessors allow you to define variables and store values.
   Assertions compare the current state of the application with the expected state.
   
   Selenese allows you to check Ajax functionality, alerts, list options, and broken links, among others.
   
   
6. What are the different types of web locators used in the Selenium framework?
   
   Locators help Selenium IDE identify the elements it needs to operate on by specifying the area of action.
   
   Types of web locators used in Selenium include…
   
   Locator by ID
   Locator by link
   Locator by partial link 
   Locator by name 
   Locator by tag name 
   Locator by class name 
   Locator by XPath 
   Locator by CSS selector
   
   See Also: Top 21 Node JS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
   
   
7. What are the different types of navigation commands used in Selenium?
   
   Different types of navigation commands used in Selenium include…
   
   Driver. navigate(). Refresh () – This refreshes the current page
   Drive. navigate(). Forward () – This command helps you navigate forward on the browser
   Drive. navigate(). Back () – This command helps you return to the previous page of the browser.
   

   Selenium Intermediate-level interview questions
   

8. What is X-path?
   
   X-path can help you locate HTML and XML elements based on their web path. X-path navigates the document’s XML or HTML structure to find specific elements on the page.
   
   
9. What is the difference between single and double slash in X-path?
   
   A single slash in X-path starts selection from the document mode and creates absolute path extensions in the Selenium framework.
   
   On the other hand, a double slash in X-path can start selection from anywhere in the document and create relative path extensions.
   
   See Also: Top 21 SQL Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
   
   
10. What is the difference between assert and verify commands in Selenium?
    
    In the Selenium framework, the assert command allows you to check for a particular element on a page. The assert command stops the check when an asserted element is not available.
    
    On the other hand, the verify command also checks for a particular element on a page. The verify command does not stop the check when the asserted element is not available and continues the search on other pages.
    
    
11. What is the use of JUnit in Selenium?
    
    JUnit is an open-source framework for conducting unit testing of Java-based applications. JUnit annotation is metadata that JUnit provides to the method to perform specific actions. By using JUnit annotations with Selenium, you can organize and maintain test cases.
    
    Selenium WebDriver testing with JUnit annotations in the script can distinguish between initialization tasks, the actual tests, and post-execution tasks.
    
    
12. What are the different types of JUnit annotations in Selenium?
    
    @BeforeClass
    @Before
    @Test
    @After
    @AfterClass
    @Ignore
    @ParameterizedTest
    @RunWith
    @RepeatedTest
    @Parameters
    
    
13. What are the different types of wait commands supported in Selenium?
    
    In Selenium automation testing, wait commands ask test execution to pause for some time before continuing with the next step. Selenium supports four types of wait commands that include…
    
    Implicit wait – Implicit wait waits for some time before throwing the ‘no such element’ exception.
    
    Explicit wait– Explicit wait informs the web driver to wait for certain conditions before throwing the ‘Element not visible’ exception in Selenium automation testing.
    
    Fluent wait- Fluent wait also informs the web driver to wait for certain conditions and the frequency to check these conditions before throwing the ‘Element not visible’ exception.
    
    WebDriver wait: WebDriver wait is ideal for dynamic testing, as it checks for conditions every second and proceeds with the next command in the script upon meeting the previous condition.
    
    See Also: Top 20 TypeScript Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
    
    
14. How to type text in the input box in Selenium?
    
    In the Selenium framework, sendKeys is the method to type text in the input box.
    
    Here are the steps to enter text in the input box in Selenium
    
    Use WebElement email = driver.findElement(By.id (“email”) ) to find the email text using the ID locator.
    Use email.sendKeys (“abcdefghi@gmail.com”) to enter text in the URL field
    Use WebElement password =driver.findElement (By.id (“Password”) finds the password text using the ID locator.
    Use password.sendKeys (“abcdefgh123”) to enter text in the password field.
    
    
15. How to click on a hyperlink in Selenium?
    
    To click on a hyperlink in Selenium, use the driver.findElement(Bylink.text) command. This command uses the specific information in the substring (Bylink.text) to access a particular hyperlink.
    
    
16. How to scroll a page using JavaScript in Selenium?
    
    In the Selenium framework, the scrollBy() method helps you scroll a web page.
    
    Here are the steps to scroll a page using JavaScript in Selenium:
    
    First, create a JavaScript object with JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
    
    Launch the desired application with driver.get(“https://www.amazon.com”);
    
    Scroll down to the desired location using js.executeScript(“window.scrollBy(0,1000)”);
    
    
17. How to retrieve the CSS properties of an element?
    
    To retrieve the CSS properties of an element, use the getCSSValue method
    
    For example, driver.findElement(By.id(“email“)).getCssValue(“font-size”)
    
    See Also: Top 21 Vue JS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022
    
    
18. What is TestNG and what are its advantages?
    
    TestNG is an open-source automated testing framework where NG stands for next generation. TestNG can help you set, map, and control test cases and their execution with features like grouping, sequencing, parameterizing, and annotations in test cases.
    
    Advantages of TestNG
    
    TestNG generates logs
    Annotations are easy to understand
    TestNG does not extend the test class
    Each test case can be independent of another
    Parallel execution of multiple test cases
    

    Advanced-level Selenium interview questions
    

19. What are the different WebDriver-supported mobile testing drivers in Selenium?
    
    There are four WebDriver-supported mobile testing drivers in the Selenium framework. They are as follows:
    
    AndroidDriver can test Android applications both on real devices and emulators.
    IPhoneDriver can be used to test iOS applications.
    RemoteWebDriver can be used to test web applications on mobile devices with a variety of browsers.
    Selendroid can be used to test Android applications both on real devices and emulators.
    
    
20. How to handle Ajax calls in Selenium WebDriver?
    
    An Ajax call is an asynchronous request that allows the user to work on the application while waiting for a response. Ajax sends HTTP requests from the client to the server that the server responds to without loading the entire webpage.
    
    While making an Ajax call, you are unsure about the server’s response time. Thus, the major challenge of handling an Ajax call in Selenium is the loading time of the webpage.
    
    Since the loading of a webpage can last from a fraction of a second to a few seconds, you need to use the wait method instead of Selenium automation testing.
    
    The different wait methods that you can use to handle an Ajax call in Selenium include implicit wait, explicit wait, fluent wait, and WebDriver wait.
    
    

    See Also: Top 21 AWS Interview Questions and Answers for 2022

21. What is the importance of session handling in Selenium?
    
    Session handling refers to the process of managing server responses to preserve application state information during load testing. Without session handling, you may get a request for another script in the same browser before completing your test execution.
    
    In the Selenium framework, you can perform session handling with Selenium WebDriver and TestNG framework. The TestNG framework consists of parallel attributes, thread count, and TestNG execution. You must set the value of parallel attributes to the method to enable thread count to control the number of sessions created during test execution.
    
    
22. What is desired capability and why is it necessary for Selenium?
    
    Desired capability consists of key-value pairs that store information on different browser properties like browser name, browser version, and path of browser driver, among others to determine browser behavior at runtime.
    
    In the Selenium framework, desired capability configures the driver instance of Selenium WebDriver. This action allows you to run the test cases on a different browser with different versions and operating systems.
    
    
23. What are breakpoints and start points in Selenium?
    
    Break points help you check code structure and execution. When you apply a breakpoint to any code it debugs the code step by step allowing you to verify the code.
    
    Start points help you identify the point from which execution must begin. Start points can run a test script from the middle of a code or a breakpoint.
    
    
24. What is an object repository and how can we create it in Selenium?
    
    Object repository refers to a collection of web elements along with their locator values. When you need the locator values of any element in the script you can use the object repository. It stores the locator values in a centralized location instead of hardcoding them in the script.
    
    To create an object repository in Selenium you must use the key and value pair. The key refers to the name of an object, whereas the value consists of the property of an object that helps you identify the object on the webpage uniquely.
    
    There are two types of object repositories in the Selenium framework, they are as follows:
    
    Object repository using the XML file
    
    Here are the steps to create an object repository using an XML file:
    
    Go to package, then new, and then file
    Create an XML file with.xml as an extension in the project
    Store the locator’s path in the XML file
    Write the script to get data from the XML file
    Use different paths to add web elements in the XML file
    
    Object repository using the properties file
    
    Here are the steps to create an object repository using a properties file:
    
    Go to package, then new, and after that file
    Create a file using .properties as an extension
    Store different values in the key-value format
    Write the code to get data from the properties file
    
    

    See Also: Top 21 Angular Interview Questions and Answers for 2022

25. What is the code to fetch data from the properties file?
    
    Here is the code to fetch data from the properties file:
    
    
26. What is the code to fetch data from an XML file?
    
    Here is the code to fetch data from the XML file: 
    

Summary

Selenium is a popular testing framework that offers a wide suite of testing tools. If you are preparing for a Selenium interview, you must brush up your knowledge to increase your chances of getting the job.

Are you a skilled software developer looking for high-paying remote software jobs with top US companies?

Try Turing and land your dream jobs in React, Node, Selenium, Python, Angular, Swift, React Native, Android, Java, Rails, Golang, DevOps, ML, Data Engineers, and much more. Visit the Apply for Jobs page today.

FAQs

1. What are the advantages of Selenium automation testing?
   
   The advantages of Selenium automation testing include…
   
   Parallel execution
   Implementation of repeated text cases 
   Ability to test large test matrix 
   Improved accuracy 
   Reduced costs
   
   
2. What are the limitations of Selenium?

• Selenium does not offer vendor support 
• Selenium generates reports through third-party tools like TestNG and JUnit
• Selenium cannot test mobile applications 
• Selenium cannot test barcode and captcha readers 

How to get a cyber security job? What qualifications do you need for cyber security jobs? Is it hard to get into the cyber security field? Keep reading this blog post to find answers to these questions, and learn more about the best cyber security jobs in 2024.

The demand for cyber security jobs has been rising over the past decade. In fact, from 2013 to 2021, the requirement for cybersecurity professionals increased by over 350 percent. The demand will only increase further as more and more companies hire cyber security experts to counter cyber attacks. 

A study by (ISC)² indicated that more than 3.1 million cybersecurity positions are unfilled across the globe. So, if you are a software engineer, developer, or IT professional, you should definitely consider a career in the cybersecurity domain. 

Cybersecurity jobs can enable you to work in a fast-paced environment with a lot of opportunities for growth, learning, and improvement. Usually, cyber security jobs are very demanding and challenging, but perks like job security, high compensation, and outstanding career growth make them appealing choices.

This blog post deep dives into cybersecurity jobs, their requirements, and some more details to get you started in the cybersecurity sector. 

Entry-Level Cyber-Security Jobs

1. 1. IT Auditor
      
      As an IT auditor, you will be conducting analyses, assessments, and reports that highlight the issues with your organization’s technologies and their security, compliance, and efficiency. Auditors are in charge of planning and performing audits, documentation, presentation, and more. IT auditors offer guidance for improving the security measures within the systems and processes.
      
      IT auditors design elaborate plans to fix all kinds of security risks and identify opportunities to improve efficiency.
      
      Certifications like CIA (Certified Internal Auditor) and CISA (Certified Information Systems Auditor) can help a lot if you are applying for the role of an internal IT auditor or a security auditor.
      
      
   2. Digital Forensic Examiner
      
      Do you enjoy solving puzzles and seeking clues? If yes, then the digital forensic investigator job is perfect for you. Digital forensic examiners can extract and retrieve information from computers, mobiles, and other electronic devices. They can also detect modes with which an unauthorized person may have accessed an encrypted system.
      
      Cyber forensic specialists work closely with law enforcement agencies for legal disputes, cases, or crimes that involve digital technologies. They collect, preserve, and analyze digital evidence, recover data from damaged/erased hard drives, and document the process.
      
      Certifications like GIAC Certified Forensic Analyst, EnCase Certified Examiner (EnCE), or AccessData Certified Examiner (ACE) can help you boost your career as a digital forensic examiner.
      
      
   3. Information Security Analyst
      
      Information security analysts are experienced network or systems administrators who can help you protect your organization’s networks and IT systems. They monitor networks for security breaches. They are well-versed in the trends and developments in the IT security field.
      
      IT security analysts strategize to improve the organization’s security and help their colleagues with the company’s security measures and procedures.
      
      CompTIA A+, GIAC Certified Intrusion Analyst (GCIA), and GIAC Certified Incident Handler (GCIH) are some of the popular cybersecurity certifications to help you get started at an information security analyst job.
      
      Related Post: DevSecOps: What Companies Need To Know?
      
      
   4. Information Security Specialist
      
      As an information security specialist, you will be in charge of maintaining data security best practices at your organization. Information Security Specialists collaborate with other teams to prevent unauthorized access, cyberattacks, data leaks, and other similar issues. People working in networking, IT support, systems engineering, and more can apply for information security specialist jobs.
      
      Your daily responsibilities as security specialists may include maintaining firewalls, antiviruses, anti-phishing software, anti-malware systems, and other cybersecurity software. Also, you may be required to design and implement cybersecurity training for your company and look for potential information security risks.
      
      The CompTIA Security+, Systems Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP), and GIAC Security Essentials (GSEC) are some of the standard certifications required for cybersecurity specialist roles.
      
      Note: The U.S. employment sector reflects a global shortage of cybersecurity professionals. According to CyberSeek, there are approximately 90,000 CISSP (Certified Information Systems Security Professionals) in the U.S., but the job openings that require CISSP stand at more than 106,000.
      
      Hire cybersecurity specialists for your company within 3-5 days with Turing’s Intelligent Talent Cloud. Turing hosts a talent cloud of 2.5 million software professionals across the globe to help companies hire remote cybersecurity specialists.
      

      Advanced-Level Cyber Security Jobs
      

   5. Security Systems Administrator
      
      As a security systems administrator, you will be in charge of the daily operations of your organization’s cybersecurity systems. You would review the security systems, maintain documentation, and run regular backups.
      
      SS Administrators manage individual user accounts and collaborate with security teams to eliminate breaches or intrusions. Cybersecurity administrators also play a huge role in security audits. They maintain the log of security procedures for the company to follow.
      
      Aspirants can get cybersecurity certifications like Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) or Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) to apply for security administrator jobs.
      
      
   6. Penetration Tester
      
      A penetration tester helps organizations identify their security weaknesses. As ethical hackers, their efforts enable the organization to secure its systems against non-ethical hackers.
      
      Here’s how the testing works – A penetration tester attempts to breach a company’s computer networks with prior permission, to plan, design, and conduct penetration tests. The vulnerability assessor creates reports based on the tests and offers recommendations to the systems administrators. Lastly, system admins develop scripts to automate the penetration tests and offer technical support during incident handling.
      
      If you wish to apply for ethical hacker jobs, work for certifications like Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH), CompTIA PenTest+, GIAC Certified Penetration Tester (GPEN), or more.
      
      Related Post: The Basics of Web Application Penetration Testing
      
      
   7. Cybersecurity Engineer
      
      As a cybersecurity engineer, you would design cybersecurity systems that protect the data from cyber attacks, breaches, leaks, or other external threats. Security engineers develop and maintain network firewalls and intrusion detection systems. They also maintain compliance with their security systems and ensure that systems are installed and configured accurately.
      
      In addition, cybersecurity engineers recommend enhancements, tweaks, and updates to the implemented network security systems. They create incident response teams and maintain a detailed incident log of any potential threats or vulnerabilities.
      
      To apply for cybersecurity engineer jobs, apply for cybersecurity certification programs like Certified Cloud Security Professional (CCSP), Google Cloud Security Certifications, and more.
      
      
   8. Security Architect
      
      A security architect sets the vision for their organization’s cybersecurity systems. Cybersecurity architects combine programming, threat analysis, and policy development to help the organization from cyber-attacks. They build and maintain security systems, prepare budgets for security expenses, and coordinate security operations.
      
      In other words, Security architects improve the IT systems in response to external vulnerabilities or threats.
      
      The CISSP, CISM, and CSA Certificate of Cloud Security Knowledge (CCSK) are some of the common certifications developers choose to complete before applying for security architect jobs.
      
      
   9. Cryptography Engineer
      
      Cryptography involves securing and encrypting data for information exchange or communications. Cryptography engineers create sophisticated encryption algorithms, ciphers, codes, and other security protocols to protect the data.
      
      They can encrypt and decrypt critical/classified information and transfer it via secure channels or systems. Also, cryptologists analyze existing encryption protocols for system issues, develop cryptographic algorithms, and implement them with newer tools and techniques.
      
      The EC-Council Certified Encryption Specialist (ECES) is a great certification to get started with cryptography jobs.
      
      
   10. Cybersecurity Manager
       
       Cybersecurity managers lead the teams that manage the IT security infrastructure of an organization. They manage the technological and human resources involved in the cybersecurity teams.
       
       Also, cybersecurity managers track changes to internal and external security policies and regularly ensure compliance.
       
       In addition, cyber security managers source and provide the right cybersecurity tools and procedures for the company. They lead risk mitigation drives and keep track of all the changes and updates made to the security systems.
       
       The Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) and Certified Information Security Professional (CISSP) are great certifications to upskill yourself and apply for managerial cybersecurity jobs near you.

In sum 

The cybersecurity domain is a very attractive field for IT professionals, software developers, and engineers to enhance their careers. There is an immense demand for cybersecurity specialists, as it is estimated that by 2025, there will be 3.5 million cybersecurity jobs.

More than 1.7 million searches were recorded for the keyword “cybersecurity jobs $100,000”. More than 45 percent of cybersecurity professionals reported that recruiters contacted them weekly, regardless of whether they were actively seeking employment. Such statistics indicate that cybersecurity experts will be in high demand in the coming years.

Are you a software developer looking for cybersecurity jobs? Are you excited to work at a high-paying cyber security job with a top US company from the comfort of your home? Try Turing. For more information, visit the Apply for Jobs page.

If you’re a company looking to hire experienced cybersecurity professionals, we’ve got you covered. Turing’s Intelligent Talent Cloud has 3M+ developers from across the globe. You get a two-week risk-free trial before our developers. Head over to the Hire Developers page to know more. 

FAQs

1. How to get a cybersecurity job?
   
   The first step to getting a cybersecurity job would be to familiarize yourself with concepts related to programming and coding. Network with other cybersecurity professionals to learn more about working in the field. Practicing your cyber security skills on CTF (capture the flag) games, and experimenting with a second computer will also help.
   
   
2. What qualifications do you need for cyber security?
   
   A graduate or a postgraduate degree in computer science, cyber security, mathematics, IT, networking and security, or computer/IT engineering would be a good starting point. You can apply for cyber security certifications like CISSP, CISM, and others, to start your career as a cyber security specialist.
   
   
3. Is it hard to get into cyber security?
   
   No. It is very easy to get into cyber security. You need to have a graduate/post-graduate degree or a cyber security certification to apply for the jobs. There is a very high demand for cyber security professionals across the world, and the field will grow by more than 30 percent over the next decade. 

In this blog post, we explore the responsibilities of an engineering manager, why it’s important to write an effective engineering manager resume, the steps for writing one, and an actual sample resume.

Let’s get started. 

What are the responsibilities of an engineering manager?

• An engineering manager puts into practice and improves development procedures. 
• An engineering manager manages workers and assigns work to technical and engineering staff. 
• An engineering manager oversees the work of teams developing new solutions, products, and procedures. 
• An engineering manager oversees resource allocation and project logistics. 
• An engineering manager secures the tools necessary for teams to succeed, including those for investigating and recommending capital investments. 
• An engineering manager participates in cost management techniques and assists in developing and managing project budgets. 
• An engineering manager ensures that procedures adhere to standards for quality and safety. 
• An engineering manager collaborates with other departments and team leaders. 

Why is it important to write an effective engineering manager resume?

Resumes are important because they are an essential tool within your job application. Here are a few more benefits of an effective resume:

• A strong resume captures the employer’s attention.
• Your resume highlights your qualifications and experience.
• Your CV conveys what value you can bring to an organization. 
• An effective CV is likely to get you a job interview.

How to write an engineering manager resume?

There are a few common elements that any top engineering manager’s resume must have, regardless of where you will be working. For example,

• The resume header
• Profile or personal statement
• The employment history section
• The resume skills section
• The education section

Here are six steps to write an engineering manager’s resume using these elements:

1. Choose a resume format that works best for you
   
   Making a decision about the format that will best organize and show your professional information is the first step in drafting a successful resume.
   
   There are a variety of resume styles available that can help you highlight different aspects of your experience, talents, or education; by selecting the one that works best for you, you can point the hiring manager toward the most crucial or remarkable details. 
   
   You can select one of these three standard resume formats:
   
   
   1. Functional: This resume style works by emphasizing your skills and competencies immediately following your resume aim. 
   2. Chronological: This resume style allows you to emphasize how your experience and prior responsibilities make you the best applicant for the position by listing your experience in reverse chronological order. 
   3. Combination: Combination resumes concentrate on abilities and work experience, and leave minimal space for other information, such as volunteer activity, educational background, or a resume summary.
      
      
2. Ensure your resume is ATS-friendly
   
   An ATS-friendly resume gets past applicant tracking systems easily.
   
   So, make your resume ATS-friendly by using an easy-to-read resume structure, simple layouts and designs. Avoid using tables, photos, and other graphics. Add relevant keywords from the job description. Insert these keywords throughout as required but don’t over-stuff your resume with them. 
   
   Use standard headings and avoid complex formatting. Last but not least, make sure you check for the list of acceptable file formats before uploading your resume. If PDF is not an option, you can upload a .doc or .docx version of your file instead.
   
   
3. Draft a concise resume objective
   
   Your resume’s objective introduces you and outlines your professional goals to the hiring committee. A well-formulated objective can immediately demonstrate why you are the most qualified applicant for the job. 
   
   So, write a brief resume objective that describes your main goal, who you are, and how you can benefit a prospective company. For example, 
   
   ‘An engineering manager with five years of experience building solutions for the app development sector seeking a leadership role within a rapidly expanding company that prioritizes innovation and a positive work environment.’
   
   
4. Create a distinguishable work experience section
   
   Your work experience section is the most crucial part of your resume. This section enables you to highlight your prior jobs and the duties you oversaw. 
   
   Include your job title, the name of the company you worked for, its location, how long you were an employee there, and the responsibilities you shouldered in that job role under this section.
   
   List all jobs in reverse chronological order, starting with your most recent or present position. When outlining your duties, it’s crucial to be succinct and forceful. If you are currently employed, describe your duties in the present tense, and former roles in the past tense.
   
   
5. Mention your graduate and postgraduate degrees
   
   Your education can add great value to your resume.
   
   Include your degree’s name, type, university name, and the dates you attended. You can also think about mentioning any honors, accolades, or awards you won while you were a student there.
   
   Don’t mention all certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Only mention the ones that are most relevant to the job you are applying for. 
   
   
6. Outline your skills and abilities
   
   List the duties you oversaw in the job experience area only. In this section, emphasize technical abilities like equipment knowledge or programming language proficiency. Soft talents like leadership, teamwork, and communication are also acceptable.
   
   Related post: Soft Skills Every Software Developer Needs
   
   
7. Carefully edit and proofread
   
   A polished resume that is devoid of small mistakes shows the hiring committee that you pay attention to detail and are concerned about quality. So, carefully update and proofread your resume before submitting it. Spot areas where you can make improvements.  In addition, ensure your resume is free from grammar or spelling errors. 
   
   You can also use an online resume-editing tool or ask your friends, relatives, or coworkers to review your resume for you. Plenty of online free grammar-checking tools are available to assist you in enhancing your clarity and avoiding grammatical and spelling errors. E.g. Grammarly. 
   
   Important points to remember while writing an engineering manager’s resume
    
   1. Obtain the hiring manager’s attention with an engaging and unique objective. 
   2. Many hiring managers use automation to filter resumes. So, don’t forget keyword optimization in your resume content. 
   3. Make use of an active voice to influence the hiring manager and convey your value effectively.
   4. Display your hard and soft skills with star ratings, bars, or other eye-catching elements. 

Sample Resume

Engineering Manager Resume Sample

Summary

Resumes that land you a job effectively advertise you, and always pique the interest of hiring managers and recruiters. Also, use a unique cover letter to highlight your interest in the job role. 

Keep in mind:

• The cover letter and resume should complement one another. 
• Edit your cover letter and resume according to the job role. 
• Maintain a resume format that is simple for machines and people to scan. 
• Don’t forget to include your successes, achievements, and awards.

Didn’t get the specific answers you were looking for on this page? Head over to Turing’s Apply for Jobs page. There you can apply for the world’s best software engineering manager’s roles and learn more about resume building from industry experts. 

DevOps is expected to become one of the most in-demand jobs in the IT industry in the coming years. What didn’t exist as a separate job a few years ago is now one of the most sought-after skill sets in the industry. Let’s take a look at the most in-demand DevOps jobs in 2023. But before that, let’s understand DevOps.

DevOps is a process that combines software development and IT operations to shorten the development cycle of systems and applications. DevOps is aimed at making software of high quality.

Related Post: Four Reasons to Learn DevOps in 2023

DevOps jobs in demand in 2022

1. AWS

   AWS or Amazon Web Services DevOps engineers are in high demand this year. AWS has a share of more than 33 percent in the cloud market. If you are a software engineer well-versed with AWS, it’s the right time to apply to high-paying remote software engineering jobs in the US.
   
   Here are the reasons why you should learn AWS:
   • Major companies are migrating to cloud services. AWS holds the maximum share in the cloud market.   
   • AWS helps in building DevOps at an organization in a much-streamlined way. Companies are hiring AWS software engineers to implement AWS in their DevOps.     
   • There is a high demand for AWS software engineers, particularly in the US, but the supply is far low. Learning AWS will help you stand apart from the crowd and make an impact.       
   • AWS has an abundance of learning resources. Read this post to learn more about AWS certification.

2. Kubernetes

   Kubernetes is an open-source container application that can be used by small to large organizations to streamline their DevOps. Earlier, Kubernetes was only used by large organizations, but with time, Kubernetes has proven to be a great tool for smaller organizations as well. Companies in the USA are hiring for Kubernetes this year, so it’s time to add Kubernetes to your skill set!
   
   Here’s why you should learn Kubernetes:   
   • Kubernetes offers autoscaling. Companies can efficiently scale up and down according to demand. Thus it makes Kubernetes a good choice for many companies.     
   • Kubernetes has strong open-source communities. You can easily join such communities and be a part of the ever-growing cloud community.     
   • Kubernetes can run anywhere. It can run on any type of infrastructure.     
   • It is much easier to scale and deploy software using Kubernetes.   
     
     Here’s why Kubernetes is important for DevOps.

3. Google Cloud Paltform

   Google Cloud Platform needs no introduction! Thanks to the reach and support Google offers, it is one of the most sought-after cloud platforms in the world.
   
   Here’s why you should be familiar with GCP DevOps:     
   • GCP DevOps offers a complete security command center which is a hub for all the tools and services Google provides to improve security.   
   • GCP has an extensive ecosystem and provides great log monitoring capabilities by default.   
   • Working with GCP DevOps comes with access to big data services, networking solutions, IOT services, machine-learning solutions, storage, etc., provided by Google.     
   • Last but not least, GCP DevOps skills are paid well. Apply for GCP DevOps software engineering jobs today!

4. Docker

   Docker is a set of PaaS products that deliver containers using OS-level virtualization. Docker is found to be one of the best solutions for DevOps. The primary purpose of Docker is to automate the application deployment process. It has the ability to run multiple containers on the same hardware.
   
   Here’s why you should be familiar with Docker if you wish to become a DevOps engineer:
   • Docker offers continuous testing and deployment.
   • Docker comes with seamless portability.
   • Docker comes with an assurance that if a feature is able to run in one environment, it will be able to run in others as well.
   • With built-in service concepts, Docker makes the process of load-balancing configuration easier.
   • Docker enhances collaboration and communication, which is vital for DevOps.
     

5. Azure

   Azure by Microsoft is one of the topmost cloud service providers in the industry. Azure offers an end-to-end DevOps toolchain to develop and deploy software. There are multiple DevOps services such as Azure Boards, Azure Pipelines, Azure Repos, Azure Artifacts, and Azure Test Plans.
   
   Here’s why you should add Azure to your skills if you wish to become a professional DevOps engineer:
   • Azure provides timely access to new features and updates. Every three weeks, Azure DevOps users get access to new features. 
   • Azure offers great reliability and flexibility. You can use all the DevOps services or choose any number of services as per your requirements.
   • Azure DevOps is platform-agnostic, which means it can run on any platform or language. 

Related Post: AWS vs Azure: Which Is Better

Are you a DevOps engineer with expertise in any of the above-mentioned DevOps skills? If yes, top US companies are looking for you. 

Apply to high-paying remote US jobs with Turing and enjoy excellent career growth. Turing offers developers full-time jobs and not just random gigs. Head over to Turing’s ‘Apply for Jobs’ page to know more.

One of Turing’s top developers from LATAM shares that he has received many messages over Linkedin from top recruiters in the States. He adds that this trend has grown over the last year. 

And not just this Turing developer, many developers worldwide are receiving such employment offers. But why? What has changed? Why are most US companies going to overdrive when it comes to offshore hiring?

Why are companies going remote and opting for offshore hiring?

The US is facing a severe tech talent shortage due to the strict government policies on migration and the Covid pandemic. Both of the reasons have led to fewer immigrants moving to the US. Tech hiring relies highly on immigrants from Brazil, India, Pakistan, etc. But with the lower number of immigrants, the tech talent crunch has led companies to go remote. 

Major US companies are already hiring aggressively from outside the US to fill up tech roles. As per a recent survey, the software development roles in US companies that will be filled by offshore hiring will increase by 70 percent. 

Alex Bouaziz, the founder of Deel, a startup that provides payroll services for offshore hiring for US companies, says: “Software developers are shaping to be the first global role.” He also added that Deel saw an increase of 50 percent in the number of US companies hiring offshore. 

Earlier, companies had to set up headquarters in different regions to access the talent pool from that region. But with COVID-induced lockdown, companies are now familiar with the benefits of remote work. 

Turing’s CEO, Jonathan Siddharth, states: “Silicon Valley may still be the best place to start a company, but if you’re a founder, it’s now financially reckless to scale your company in the Bay Area. Boundaryless companies are now the new normal — and this transformation calls for a new way to build companies with a globally distributed workforce.”

Siddharth even adds that offshore hiring has helped to counter two major issues: the cost of hiring and retaining global talent and competing for hiring with physically close related companies becomes difficult.

Here are some tips on how to hire the best international talent.

What does the offshore hiring spree by US companies mean for software developers worldwide?

The answer is pretty simple! Software developers in LATAM, as well as the other regions around the world, are now open to high-paying remote developer jobs in the top US companies. 

Not only do these opportunities pay well, but they also offer perks like flexible working schedules, high career growth, stability, and much more. Software developers with the right set of skills can easily get hired at the top US companies as there is a major crunch of tech talent, and companies are struggling to hire the right talent for their tech teams. 

US companies are showing a major interest in the LATAM region due to the following reasons:

• Similar time zones
• Similar culture
• Fewer language barriers
• Highly talented tech professionals

Here’s a complete guide on how to hire talent from the LATAM region.

Summary

Did you know? Offshore hiring is expected to reach 3 million jobs by 2025! With the talent shortage and increasing costs, major US companies will opt for offshore hiring as much as possible.

If you are a software developer from any corner of the world looking for a software development job in the US, try Turing. Turing matches you with the top US companies.

Once you’re a Turing developer, you never have to apply for another job again!

How much do web developers earn? How do I become a web developer? Is it hard to get a web developer job? Is web development a good career? Do web developers need a degree?

Looking for answers to these questions? Keep reading.

What is web development?

Web development is developing a website for the Internet or an intranet. Web development work can range from creating a single static page of plain text to complicated web applications.

Web designing, web engineering, web content development, client-side/server-side scripting, client liaison, web server, network security configuration, and e-commerce development can all come under web development duties.

What are the tasks and responsibilities of web developers?

The primary job of a web developer is to build websites. Many web developers are also in charge of the website’s performance and capacity, in addition to making sure it is aesthetically pleasing and easy to navigate. 

However, the tasks of the web developers will vary depending on the work environment. Typical daily responsibilities could include:

• Creating user interfaces and menus for navigation 
• Reviewing website code in web development languages, such as HTML, XML, or JavaScript 
• Incorporating multimedia content into an existing site 
• Web application testing 
• Solving issues with user experience or performance 
• Cooperating with stakeholders, designers, and developers
• Incorporating new technologies and features into an existing site

Types of web developers

The three main types of web developers are back-end developers, front-end developers, and full-stack developers. Let’s examine each of these jobs in more detail.

• Back-end web developers: Back-end web developers create the website’s structure, write and test the code. They also control access points of the website for other people who need access to the content of a website. 
• Front-end web developers: Front-end web developers focus on the website’s visual elements or the pages that users see and interact with. They create the actual page layouts, incorporate visuals, improve the user interface, and consistently modify the site with HTML and JavaScript.  
• Full-stack web developers: Full-stack web developers handle both the front-end and back-end development tasks. These developers can create an entire website.

What is the career path of a web developer?

The primary focus areas for many web developers at the beginning of their careers are front-end or back-end development. After that, they might pursue jobs as full-stack developers or venture into allied industries like project management, computer programming, or graphic design.

How much do web developers make?

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, web developers in the US earn a median yearly pay of $77,200. However, according to Glassdoor compensation statistics, web developers in the US make up to $249,297 annually. 

Numerous factors, such as your employment location, line of business, and level of expertise, affect how much money web developers make. 

Looking at the latest market and web development trends, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics has predicted that these jobs will grow faster than the national average until 2030. 

The expansion of e-commerce is one of the factors causing this increase in web development jobs. Nowadays, businesses depend on functional websites that work on various devices to conduct business.

How to become a web developer?

It’s not always required to have a formal education to work as a web developer. 

Some web developers hold an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in computer science or website design, but some learn how to code and create websites on their own. 

A solid portfolio can go a long way toward demonstrating your talents to potential employers, even though getting a degree can make you a more competitive applicant.

If you’re interested in becoming a web developer, here are three steps you can take:

Step 1: Build web developer skills

Employers and clients need particular skills from web developers to show their ability to meet website requirements. These are some abilities you can concentrate on to lay the groundwork for success if you’re interested in a career as a web developer.

Hard skills

• Coding: For front-end design, popular web development frameworks include React, Vue, Ruby on Rails, and programming languages include HTML, PHP, CSS, and JavaScript. If you want to work in back-end programming, you might have to study Python, Java, or Ruby. 
• Technical SEO: The search engine ranking of a website can be impacted by a variety of design and content elements. A developer’s work benefits from knowing how search engines rank websites. 
• Version control: This skill enables you to monitor and manage source code modifications of the website. 
• Visual design: Knowing fundamental design concepts like how to use white space, pick typefaces, select colors, and utilize images could increase your marketability.

Soft skills

• Communication: Through each stage of the project, web developers take the time to discuss design concepts with their clients and team members. 
• Customer service: To produce the finest outcomes, a web developer who designs websites for clients should never lose sight of their needs. 
• Organization: If you want to finish a website design on schedule, keeping track of deadlines, project tasks, workflow, and budgets is beneficial. 
• Problem-solving: When creating websites, web developers frequently encounter problems. They must be able to see issues with the design or coding and apply a methodical approach to fixing them.

Step 2: Built a solid portfolio 

Your portfolio is one of the most crucial components of your resume as a web developer. The projects on your resume demonstrate your creativity to potential employers. So, ensure you highlight your best work. 

Apart from showing the website, add the information architecture, source codes, color and font descriptions, image sources, important functions, etc., to your portfolio. 

Related Post: Tech Resume Writing: Four Tips to Build a Great Resume

Step 3: Get certified

Getting certified can demonstrate to potential employers that you have the necessary skills. There are many alternatives available, both generic and specific, such as Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate (MCSD), Adobe Certified Expert (ACE), Amazon Web Services (AWS) Certified, Zend Certified PHP Engineer, and more. 

Summary

Every business requires a website. Therefore, every organization needs a web developer directly or indirectly. So, if you’re considering becoming a web developer, go ahead; it’s a great career.

If you are looking for a remote software development job, visit Turing.com. Turing offers long-term, high-paying remote job opportunities in 100+ skills, such as React, Node, Python, TypeScript, Kotlin, and more. 

Is there a demand for front-end engineers? Is front-end developer a good career in 2022? Are front-end software developers in demand in 2022? Are you a tech professional looking for remote front-end software engineering jobs? 

Did you know? Top US companies are looking to hire remote front-end software engineers. If you’re an experienced front-end developer, you can get a high-paying remote US software engineering job from the comfort of your home with Turing. 

Want to know which front-end developer jobs are in high demand in September 2022? Let’s take a look.

Top 5 Front-end software engineering jobs in September 2022

1. React

   React, also known as React JS, is a JavaScript framework library that allows developers to create simple, quick, and scalable online applications. The key benefits of React JS are:
   
   – Great speed and performance
   – ease of learning
   – ability to build rich user interfaces
   – ability to write custom components
   – faster rendering
   – React JS enhances developers’ productivity
   -React JS is SEO friendly
   
   Are you a software developer preparing for a React JS interview? Read this post to know more about the top 25 React JS questions and answers.

2. JavaScript
   

   One of the most sought-after programming languages, JavaScript has been in demand even though many new programming languages have been introduced. As you may know, JavaScript is one of the core technologies behind the World Wide Web. Top reasons to learn JavaScript:
   
   – JavaScript can work in the browser. You don’t need to have a compiler or set up in the code editor.
   – JS is easier to learn as compared to other programming languages.
   – It is a versatile programming language that can be used to build web applications, mobile applications, desktop applications, cloud development, blockchain technology, and much more.
   – JavaScript has one of the largest community support
   
   Want to get hired as a JavaScript software developer? Here are the top 10 JavaScript interview questions and answers you must know.

3. TypeScript
   

   TypeScript has been a popular programming language among companies and developers as it is a strict syntactical superset of JavaScript. TypeScript adds optional static typing to the language, develops large applications, and transpiles to JavaScript. The key benefits of having TypeScript as the programming language for your next project are:
   
   – TypeScript offers a namespace idea by characterizing a module.
   – You can use any program or JavaScript motor to run TypeScript.
   – Intellisense in TypeScript offers a wide range of tooling which gives dynamic clues.
   
   Here are the top 25 TypeScript interview questions you should definitely practice before your next interview.

4. HTML
   

   HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language and is used as a front-end programming language to develop web pages. HTML has also been used to create the World Wide Web along with JavaScript. Developers can use hyperlinks in HTML to connect multiple web pages. Top reasons why you should learn HTML are:
   
   – HTML is used across various industries to build optimized, user-friendly websites.
   – It is very easy to learn
   – If you are familiar with HTML, it is easier to learn other coding languages.
   
   Here are the top questions interviewers love to ask in an HTML developer interview.

5. CSS

   CSS or Cascading Style Sheets is a style sheet language that is used to describe the presentation of a document that has been written using markup languages such as HTML or XML. Software developers who are experienced in CSS along with HTML or XML are in high demand in September 2022. Here are the benefits of learning and using CSS:
   
   – It is easy to edit and control
   – CSS helps in making HTML pages smaller, thus increasing the speed of loading of webpages
   – CSS doesn’t require extra coding
   – CSS is easy to update. Also, W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) recommends CSS. 

In sum

So, these are the top 5 front-end software engineering jobs in September 2022. 

Apart from the five technologies mentioned above, front-end development technologies such as Angular, GraphQL, Vue.JS, Redux, Wordpres, etc. are also in demand this year. 

If you’re a front-end developer, we have some great news for you.

Turing can help you land top US remote US software jobs across 100+ skills. Head over to the Apply for Jobs page to know more!

FAQs

1. Is there a demand for front-end engineers?

   Absolutely! Front-end engineers are in high demand. According to Turing’s research, there is a high demand for experienced tech professionals who are well-versed in front-end development.
   

2. Is front-end development a good career in 2022?

   Yes! Top US companies are looking for remote front-end developers in 2022. A career in front-end development is surely a promising one. If you can offer expertise in more than one front-end development language, you can expect great career growth and opportunities to come your way
   

3. Are front-end software developers in demand in 2022?

   Looking at the hiring trends, we can safely say that the demand for front-end software developers is growing at a steady pace in 2022. Front-end development is expected to remain one of the most sought-after technologies in the coming years as well.

According to a recent survey, software development is the most in-demand tech skill and is going to be the most important tech job in the future. 

Here are some key highlights from the survey:

• Around 37 percent of tech workers and employers believed that software development is the most in-demand tech skill.
• At the second position is the software engineer job role. Thirty-six percent of the responders in the survey believed that software engineering would be the second-most important tech job in the future.
• Other important tech jobs in the survey are workplace manager, digital workplace program director, head of automation, remote control center supervisor, machine learning engineer, etc.   

What are the most in-demand software skills you should learn as a developer?

What is the most in-demand tech skill? What is the top IT skills in demand in 2022? You must be familiar with the following software and IT skills if you want to build a strong CV and get hired by top US companies:

• Security

  Companies all around the globe have started emphasizing the importance of security for their software, especially after the Russia-Ukraine conflict. You should be familiar with data encryption, firewalls, ethical hacking, penetration testing, compliance regulations such as PCI-DSS, etc. You should be able to mitigate any risk and analyze any cyber threat affecting the company’s software and applications.
  

• Programming

  Being a software developer, you should be able to program websites, web applications, and softwares. Some of the major programming languages currently in demand are React JS, JavaScript, TypeScript, Ruby on Rails, HTML, and CSS. Want to know in detail? Read about the top 5 front-end development jobs in demand.
  

• Data Analysis

  Data analysis is one of the major skills that a software developer can have in order to be able to monitor the performance of their programs. It can help developers analyze bugs, security threats, and non-performance issues in their programs. Some major data analysis tools are SQL, Statistics, Python, etc.
  

• DevOps

  As the name suggests, DevOps is when you combine Development with Operations. Having knowledge of DevOps can help software developers bridge the gap between the software development team and the IT teams. DevOps engineers should be well versed with:
  • Scripting languages such as Python, Ruby, C, etc
  • Docker or Kubernetes
  • Cloud management

Read this post to know more about why you should learn DevOps.

• Cloud computing

  The future of storage and running websites, applications, etc. is cloud computing. A good software developer will be familiar with cloud computing and the major cloud platforms such as AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, Oracle, etc.
  
  Read this blog post to know more about AWS certification.

Other key skills that a software developer should learn in 2022 are machine learning, system and networking skills, deep learning, etc.

Summary

Top US companies are hiring software developers and engineers to boost their software development and enhance productivity. With the talent shortage, companies are now going remote and looking for talent across the globe. 

Are you an experienced tech professional looking to kickstart your remote software developer career? Try Turing. With Turing, you get high-paying remote US jobs with great career growth opportunities and long-term commitment. Apply for Turing jobs today!

What are the biggest job trends in 2022? Is there a demand for tech jobs? Will AI jobs be in demand? Let’s look at the tech jobs trend for this month to answer these questions.

Bay Area is not the only hot tech hub. New York and Los Angeles are enjoying a massive tech demand spike.

Cities like Los Angeles, Topeka, etc., are also becoming tech hubs

New York and the Bay Area, which has cities like San Fransisco, have been known to draw a lot of tech talent with many job opportunities. However, a recent report by Comptia.org shows that cities like Los Angeles have also started building tech communities. In July 2022, Los Angeles had more job postings compared to San Fransisco. New York remained at the top position. 

Tech jobs trends: Top industries posting tech jobs

Tech jobs trend 2022: Top industries

Professional, scientific, and technical services posted the highest number of tech jobs. The finance and insurance sector followed in the second position. Other major industries which posted tech jobs in July 2022 were manufacturing, information, retail, etc. 

Software engineering jobs: Artificial Intelligence job roles and postings are on a rise

Artificial Intelligence jobs constitute around 15% of total tech job postings in July 2022

Out of the 159,401 tech jobs posted in July 2022, AI jobs had a good 15 percent share in the total number of job postings. AI jobs have become one of the fastly emerging tech jobs in the industry.

Other key trends in software engineering jobs 

• Even in the economic slowdown and a possible recession, the unemployment rate for software engineering jobs is declining continuously. In July 2022, the unemployment rate was 1.7 percent which is lower than the 1.8 percent in June.
• Companies are investing in next-generation initiatives such as Augmented Reality creating more jobs in the domain. 
• Even the old-school industries like manufacturing, public administration, educational services, etc., are hiring software engineers to enhance their operations and be future-ready.
• Software developer and engineering jobs remain at the top when it comes to remote or work-from-home tech job postings.
• Tech industry employment crossed the 5 million mark in July 2022.

Source

Summary

Despite the looming recession, software engineering jobs, especially remote ones, are steadily growing. The demand for tech talent is on the rise. The tech industry is also focusing on building tech communities in areas other than the Bay Area and New York, which have been the tech hubs for a long time. In addition, the unemployment rate in tech jobs is decreasing at a steady pace. Overall, software engineering jobs will have a stable growth trajectory over the coming time.

Are you looking for remote software engineering jobs at US companies? Try Turing. 

Turing can help you get high-paying US remote software jobs from the comfort of your home! Visit the Apply for Jobs page to know more.

Are you a software developer? If yes, you must be curious about the highest-paying software engineering jobs. You must also be looking for answers to questions like, Which engineering job has the highest salary in 2023? Which is the highest-paid software job in the world? 

Software engineering is a rapidly growing industry. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, software development careers will grow by 22 percent from 2020 to 2030, much faster than the average for other professions. 

And so, if you’re looking to maximize your earning potential in the software engineering sector, you might be interested in discovering the highest-paying software engineering jobs available.

What are these software engineering jobs, and what does it take to qualify for them? Read on to find out. This post will outline the highest-paying software engineering jobs in 2023 and how to make the most of these opportunities.

Top 7 highest paying software engineering jobs in 2023

1. Machine learning engineer
   

   Machine learning (ML) engineers are responsible for building and maintaining the algorithms that power AI systems. These engineers often work with data scientists and statisticians to develop algorithms and model structures that can learn from large amounts of data.
   
   ML engineers also use these algorithms to improve existing products and services by predicting customer behavior. Machine learning engineering is one of the highest-paying software engineering jobs because there is a gross undersupply of talent in the market, and the work can create valuable AI systems that will drive incredible transformation in the future.
   
   Average salary: $75,043-$165,000 per year.

2. DevOps Engineer
   

   DevOps engineers bridge the gap between software developers and system administrators. These professionals develop and implement processes that ensure a seamless flow of information between software developers and system administrators.
   
   DevOps engineering is among the highest paying software engineering jobs because it has a high demand and low supply. DevOps engineers are experienced in programming and scripting languages and cloud-based platforms like Amazon Web Services or Azure and have strong analytical and problem-solving skills.
   
   Average salary: $75,000 – $141,000 per year.
   
   Related Post: Top 7 Programming and Scripting Languages DevOps Engineers Should Learn

3. Data scientist
   

   Data scientists’ ability to analyze complex data sets to identify trends and patterns makes the profession one of the highest paying software engineering jobs. Data scientists use the information from analyzed data to help organizations make better decisions, solve problems, and improve operations.
   
   As consumer behavior data rapidly evolves, the demand for data science jobs will only increase. Plus, companies will become more aware that they need reliable data to understand how customers interact with their business.
   
   Data science is one of the highest-paying software engineering jobs because it requires a strong background in math and statistics. You also need experience with programming languages like Python and R.
   
   Average salary: $71,790 – $130,370 per year.

4. Android engineer
   

   Android engineers design and develop software for Android mobile devices. These engineers may also help to debug or troubleshoot code. Android is the world’s most popular mobile OS, and so there is a high demand for skilled Android engineers.
   
   This profession is one of the highest-paying software engineering jobs because companies need efficient Android software engineers to stay ahead of the competition. To become an Android engineer, you must know how to use the Android system development kit (SDK) tools. Experience with Java is also highly desirable.
   
   Average salary: $90,000 – $130,500 per year.

5. Cloud engineer
   

   Cloud engineers are responsible for developing, maintaining, and expanding cloud infrastructure and services. They work with customer service and technical teams to deliver high-quality cloud solutions.
   
   This job requires a broad range of technical skills, including Linux and open source software development, security engineering, database administration, computing, and network infrastructure. Cloud engineering is among the highest-paying software engineering jobs because it cuts across a broad range of software.
   
   Average salary: $28,416 – $149,000 per year

6. Full stack developer
   

   A full stack developer can work on both the front-end and back-end of a software project. To qualify for this role, you must have experience with front-end development technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
   
   Also, you’ll need a solid understanding of back-end development languages like PHP, Ruby on Rails, and Node.js. A full-stack developer role is one of the highest-paying software jobs because it involves working with lots of data, logic, and creativity.
   
   Full stack developers must have experience with multiple programming languages, frameworks, and platforms.
   
   Average salary: $84,903 – $116,504 per year.

7. Web developer
   

   Web development is a high-paying software engineering job because of the ever-growing internet economy. Businesses now realize the importance of having an online presence; that’s why they need skilled developers to create innovative and visually appealing websites.
   
   As a web developer, you’ll be responsible for creating and managing websites and web applications for businesses. The job requires strong coding and programming skills and experiences with various web development frameworks, such as React, Vue.js, Angular, JQuery, and more
   
   Average salary: $37,900 – $131,000 per year.

How Turing can help you find the highest paying software engineering jobs 

Technology startups, enterprises, and research labs are constantly looking for software engineers to contribute to their projects. But they’re often interested in candidates that are based near them.

Turing can help land some of the highest-paying software engineering jobs regardless of your location. 

Turing’s Intelligent Talent Cloud uses AI to find top talent in the software development field and connect them with suitable employers in the US, from fortune 500 companies to fast-scaling startups. Want to know more? Check out our Apply for Jobs page!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the highest paying job in software engineering?
   

   Machine learning experts are the highest-paid software engineers in the industry. But other jobs can also be more profitable depending on the project type and the employer.

2. Will software engineers be paid more in the future?
   

   Software engineers will earn higher salaries in the future until a majority of the population learns how to build programs.

Where do developers hang out? How do I meet new coders? Where can I find programmer friends? Where do coders hang out online? Which are the popular forums for developers? 

Looking for answers to these questions? Keep reading. 

It’s essential to have access to the right kind of resources and support system to become a successful software developer. The forum for developers acts as one such system. 

Online developer forums help developers connect with like-minded people. Here, they can share their experiences, successes, and failures within the industry. Also, online developer forums act as a platform where dev fanatics, niche developers, developer relations teams, or anyone interested in software development can socialize and expand their network.

Online developer forums are one of the best sources to find free information, code examples, collaboration opportunities, and knowledge shared by industry leaders. Therefore, developers need to be active on developer forums.

Some of the best forums for developers to join in 2023

1. Stack Overflow
   

   

   Stackoverflow

   Stack Overflow is a public platform for technology-related answers. Stack Overflow is serving 100 million people worldwide. It is a powerful Q&A platform to ask questions, learn, and share technical knowledge. Stack Overflow integrates and improves ChatOps tools like Jira, Teams, Slack, GitHub, and Okta.
   
   Stack Overflow features
   • Technology experts and developers can share knowledge and insights with other community members
   • Companies can connect with their target audience, build their brand, and attract tech talent 
   • Developers can find credible answers to their questions, engage with knowledgeable people, and grow together
     
     Some ways to leverage Stack Overflow
     
     
   • Post unique, challenging, and well-researched questions related to technology
   • All the questions are tagged based on a topic. It can be related to a programming language or software. The tag list helps users to browse topics of their interest
   • Upvote answers that you feel are correct
   • You can improve posts’ ranking by editing the posts or commenting to clarify a question or answer 
   • Gain reputation when others vote for your questions, edits, and answers As you gain reputation, unlock benefits like the ability to vote, comment and edit others’ posts

2. Showwcase
   

   Showwcase is a network for coders to connect, share knowledge, learn, explore opportunities, get feedback, and ask questions.
   
   On this platform, coders are the decision-makers. They can choose the people they want in their network, the content they want to view, and the kind of messages they want to deliver.
   
   Showwcase offers a range of sub-communities from ReactJS, Web3, JavaScript to the blockchain, and more for developers to explore.
   
   Showwcase features
   
   
   • Users can initiate discussions, ask questions, and share ideas
   • Developers can create and share content in the form of articles and blogs with the community 
   • Developers can join or propose a new community for discussions related to technology 
   • Users can create their own circle of like-minded people to collaborate, get referrals and earn new opportunities
   • Developers can share their profile with a free custom domain Job seekers can find relevant job opportunities
   • With the Profile Builder developers can build great tech resumes that can be downloaded as PDFs 
   • Companies can hire developers by evaluating them directly on Showwcase with their respective developer profiles
     
     Some ways to leverage Showwcase
     
     
   • Create your unique profile showcasing the best work and skills Explore various communities, join them, or create your community and get access to better features
   • Add links to your LinkedIn profile, personal website if any, GitHub, or other handles by clicking on Elsewhere Post images, videos, codes, and more
   • Create your first post and pin it to your profile
   • Attach a custom domain to your profile
   • Share your unique work, product launches, updates, and more with the feature ‘Shows’

3. Hashnode
   

   Hashnode is a blogging community for developers and tech geeks to connect and share knowledge. It’s a free content creation platform for developers to share their content with a free custom domain.
   
   Hashnode features
   
   
   • Developers can write and read ad-free articles
   • Developers can modify the blog appearance with the custom CSS feature
   • Developers can retain all the rights to their content by exporting and downloading content 
   • Users get access to free in-built newsletter services, and the readers can easily subscribe for blogs
   • Built-in advanced analytics for users to check the performance of their content
   • Users can get feedback on drafts from peers before publishing the content
   • Users can easily group a series of articles related to a topic Be it a Hashnode subdomain or a custom one, users get a free SSL certificates for blogs 
   • Team members can invite others, and allow multiple authors to publish articles on the same blog platform 
   • Users can get their personal blogs featured on the Hashnode homepage for a better reach amongst the dev community
   • Users can have a backup of content, and publish it directly on a private or public GitHub repository
   • The performance, accessibility, and SEO of blogs are excellent as they are supported by Next.js
     
     Some ways to leverage Hashnode
     
     
   • Read the recent, popular and personalized articles in the ‘My Feed,’ section
   • Explore popular tech blogs and trending tags
   • Share drafts with friends and teams for a peer review
   • Bookmark a favorite blog post to quickly get back to it when needed
   • Explore ‘Hashnode for Teams,’ a blogging platform for devtools, engineering, and open-source teams
   • Map your personal web domain with Hashnode blog
   • Take up the Hasnode created writing challenges like ‘Self Starter’, ‘Word Warrior’, ‘Crazy Blogger’, and more to become a better writer

4. Major League Hacking
   

   Major League Hacking or MLH is the official student hackathon league. It’s a hacker community for the next generation of technology leaders and entrepreneurs. MLH drives more than 200-weekend invention competitions to empower thousands of students across the globe.
   
   MLH Features
   • Users can access the complete guide for organizing hackathons
   • The Member Events Organizers get one-on-one mentorship, event promotions, and on-site support from trained MLH representatives
   • Hackon, an in-person conference by MLH, helps students to meet and build relationships with community leaders and develop new skills
   • The MLH community provides complete support pre, during, and after the hackathon
     
     Some ways to leverage MLH
     
     
   • Integrate MyMLH account with your website
   • Customize MyMLH with API that is extensible
     
   • Hackathons and third-party hackathons can view and manage the personal information of
   • users who have created an account with MyMLH
     
   • Attend the MLH Localhost workshops to learn, teach and grow

5. Dev
   

   Dev is a community for software developers to write, share, collaborate, and network. In this community, developers and organizations can create various upcoming events, job openings, mentorship offers, education courses, product listings, and more.
   
   Dev features
   • Users can explore a variety of interesting podcasts related to technology
   • With Dev Tags, users can select and follow tags to discuss posts related to Cloud, Angular, Kubernetes, Go, Machine Learning, Android, and more. 
   • Users can watch insightful videos posted by community members
   • The Markdown editor in Dev is a text-to-HTML conversion tool, where users can write with an easy-to-read, easy-to-write plain text format, and convert their text to structurally valid XHTML (or HTML)
     
     Some ways to leverage Dev 
   • Click on ‘Write a Post’ to write and publish articles with relevant tags   
   • Use the markdown editor to edit posts, tags, titles, and more. To know more, visit the Dev page. 
   • Get your blogs featured on the home page by posting high-quality content on the Dev platform 
   • Set up a canonical URL for better Google ranking before publishing

6. Aviyel
   

   Aviyel is a forum for developers to find open-source projects and build professional relationships with like-minded people. Developers can learn from experts and share knowledge in the community.
   
   Aviyel features
   • Users can add open-source projects to the community, engage with contributors, and expand their community
   • Users can attend or host the events and discuss ideas, conduct training, and learn more about different projects
   • Users can earn rewards for contributions to the projects.   
     
     Some ways to leverage Aviyel 
   • Add your open-source project   
   • Track your activities   
   • Connect with the contributors in your community   
   • Find the resources related to your project   
   • Explore events to attend or host one   
   • Answer the users’ questions   
   • Offer guidance on projects

7. CodeProject
   

   CodeProject is a popular community where software developers help each other by sharing code, tutorials, and knowledge for free. CodeProject is an excellent platform for programmers to explore several articles and tutorials related to programming languages. Developers from top companies like Microsoft, Oracle, and more often read CodeProject articles.
   
   CodeProject features
   • Discussion boards help users find relevant answers and discuss with fellow mates
   • The Lounge is a unique feature for CodeProject members to socialize and know what’s happening in CodeProject
   • CodeProject members can customize the weekly newsletters to read only ones that are of their interest
   • In the Community Surveys section, users can suggest a survey, search queries from the available surveys, and find the results
   • The rating and comment feature helps in filtering good articles from bad ones
   • Registered users get benefits like storing personal files in their account, having live hyperlinks in their profile biography, and more
   • Members can write their articles and code for visitors to view
     
     Some ways to leverage CodeProject 
   • Have your own page and share your interests, personal information, and a listing of all your articles 
   • Vote articles of other authors   
   • Bookmark articles of your interest 
   • Filter articles and Q&As based on tags and scores   
   • Participate in competitions to get rewards and enhance your skills

8. CodePen
   

   

   CodePen

   CodePen is an open community for front-end designers and developers to write codes, create attractive websites, showcase their work, build test cases to learn and debug, and find inspiration for new projects. CodePen users use JavaScript, HTML, and CSS languages. Pens are code snippets in CodePen with three separate windows for HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, and a preview pane for real-time updates as and when you code.
   
   CodePen features
   
   
   • Members can use Preprocessors in CodePen to simplify the coding process 
   • CodePen Embeds provide customizable personal themes to each member. They can edit these themes to match that of the blogs   
   • Developers can create Template Pens that help to minimize the repetition of ideas or concepts
   • Developers can test a code in real-time in multiple browsers and devices with the Live View feature
   • For some inspiration or new ideas to code, users can choose from a huge collection of Pens in the Pattern library
   • Emmet in CodePen is a time-saving plugin that converts some of the time taking tasks into simple shortcuts
   • The Collab Mode allows real-time coding and chatting with multiple people
     
     Some ways to leverage CodePen 
     
     
   • Create small codes using Pen Editor   
   • Use the Project Editor to code for projects   
   • Use Collections to add any Pen of your choice   
   • Share Pens easily on social media sites via SMS     
   • Create a copy of a Pen by using the Fork option       
   • Make the codes readable using the formatting options in the Pen Editor     
   • Fix the code errors with the Analyze option in the Pen Editor       
   • Share your Pens on social media channels by clicking on the share button       
   • Download and save your work in the system with the Export button

9. Turing Developer Community
   

   Turing, a remote-first company, has created a career-centric community for developers to share their experiences, enhance skills, and build their engineering careers.
   
   The Turing Developer Community is built for developers, by developers. With the community, developers can supercharge their professional growth and get matched with some of the top US companies. With the help of mentors present in the Turing community, developers can build excellent software products from the start.
   
   Turing community features
      
   • Developers can build their dream engineering careers with actionable career advice and tips   
   • Developers can boost their professional development by adding technical and soft skills to their toolkits, and accelerate their career growth with the guidance of mentors and industry experts     
   • Developers can expand their network by meeting professional and experienced engineers   
   • Exclusive events like Jump Start, which are basically live and guided sessions run by experts to help developers complete Turing’s vetting process, coding sessions, career development workshops, and more help developers upgrade their skills and explore opportunities
     
     Some ways to leverage the Turing community   
     
     
   • Head to the Turing community and join the Turing Forum to connect with experts and mentors     
   • Select from a wide range of events like webinars, podcasts, career development series, ESL (English as a second language) sessions, and many more to learn and grow     
   • Join an event by selecting any of the Chapters in the community

Choose the best forum for developers

The above-mentioned names are just a few of the active forums for developers. There are many other forums to explore. The purpose of developer communities is to provide the resources for developers to learn anything they want to. Communities encourage developers to have peer-to-peer conversations, find opportunities and engage with other members to develop successful products or applications. 

Which of the above forums would be your choice? Let us know in the comments!

Would you like to explore remote developer jobs with excellent compensation and career success? Try Turing! Turing developers work with leading US companies in a wide range of industries. Developers can explore opportunities at Turing based on their skills, career goals, and aspirations.

FAQs

1. Which community is the best for a software developer in 2023?
   

   The Turing Developer Community is a great platform for developers to connect with peers, grow their network, share knowledge, explore opportunities, learn new skills, and more. Here are a few other developer forums developers can join:
   • Stack Overflow
   • Showwcase 
   • Hashnode
   • MLH
   • Dev 
   • CodeProject 
   • CodePen 
   • Aviyel
   • Turing Developer Community

2. How do you grow a developer community?
   

   Here are a few ways to grow a developer community:
   • Encourage participants to create and share content that challenges, inspires, and informs the readers
   • Keep the lines of communication open for the members to feel involved and be heard
   • Recognize the active members for their excellent contributions and involvement
   • Create events to strengthen the developer relationship

3. How important is a developer community?
   

   The developer community is important for the following reasons:
   • To share knowledge with fellow members
   • To build a great network with people of similar interests and goals
   • To enhance writing skills, soft skills, technical skills, entrepreneurial skills, and more
   • To learn from industry leaders and mentors by attending events and workshops

Which are the common Node JS interview questions? How do I prepare for a Node interview? What is Node JS mainly used for?

Looking for answers to these questions? Let’s dive in. 

What is Node JS? 

Node JS is an open-source, cross-platform, back-end JavaScript runtime environment that runs on the V8 engine and executes JavaScript code outside a web browser.

Basic-level Node JS interview questions

1. How does Node JS work?
   Node JS operates on a single-threaded event loop and non-blocking I/O, both of which enable high rates because they can accommodate more concurrent requests. Node JS can also function on any standalone web server by utilizing the HTTP module. 
   
   
2. Why is Node JS single-threaded?
   To allow async processing, Node JS has a single-threaded paradigm. An application can run more efficiently and scale better when using async processing. So, as opposed to the usual thread-based implementation, Node JS uses a single-threaded model approach.
   
   
3. Explain Asynchronous and Non-blocking.
   1. Asynchronous: Asynchronous denotes the absence of synchrony. This feature lets us send asynchronous HTTP queries, which do not wait for a response from the server. These operations respond to the request for which the server response has already been received. 
   2. Non-blocking functions: I/O operations are handled via non-blocking functions. They respond right away with any data that is accessible and continue to function in accordance with the requirements. If a response couldn’t be obtained, the API returns an error right away.
      
      
4. What is  REPL?
   Read, Eval, Print, and Loop are referred to as REPL in Node JS. REPL represents a computer environment where any command can be entered and the machine can respond with an output, like a window console or Unix/Linux shell. A REPL environment is pre-installed with Node JS by default.
   
   The following tasks can be completed by REPL:
   1. Read: Reads the user’s input, parses the input into JavaScript data structure, and stores it in the memory.
   2. Eval: Receives and evaluates the data structure.
   3. Print: Prints the final result.
   4. Loop: Loops the provided command until CTRL+C is pressed twice.
      
      
5. Mention the steps using which ‘Control Flow’ controls the function calls in Node JS?
   Here are the steps: 
   1. Control the order of execution
   2. Collect data
   3. Limit concurrency
   4. Call the next step in the program
      
      
6. Which are LTS releases of Node JS?
   The Node JS LTS version, which stands for Node JS Long Term Support, receives all the necessary security upgrades, performance updates, and bug fixes. These versions, which prioritize stability and security, are supported for at least 18 months.
   
   Only bug fixes, security upgrades, npm and documentation updates, performance enhancements, and other changes are made with LTS versions. 
   
   
7. Explain middleware in Node JS?
   Middleware is a function that accepts the Request and Response objects. These functions have access to multiple request & response objects, and the cycle’s subsequent function during the request-response cycle of an application. Middleware’s next function is expressed with the help of a variable ‘next.’
   
   The middleware functions’ most frequent jobs are:
   1. Execute any type of code
   2. Update the request and the response objects
   3. Finish the request-response cycle
   4. Invoke the next middleware in the stack
      
      
8. What is ESLint?
   ESLint is an open-source project that Nicholas C. Zakas created in 2013 with the intention of offering a linting tool for JavaScript through a plug. Linters are useful tools for searching certain bug classes in Node JS, particularly ones that are connected to the variable scope. 
   
   
9. Why does Google use the V8 engine for Node JS?
   V8 is a Chrome runtime engine that translates JavaScript code into native machine code, and Google utilizes it. 
   
   
10. Explain stub in Node JS.
    Stubs are essentially the applications or methods used in Node JS to stimulate module or component action. Stubs offer pre-programmed responses for the functions during any test scenarios. 
    
    Related post: Why and When to Use Node JS: A Brief Guide
    
    
11. Explain buffer class in Node JS?
    In Node JS, the buffer class stores the raw data in a way comparable to an array of integers. However, it relates to a raw memory allocation outside of the V8 heap. Without importing a buffer module, an application can utilize this global class that is simple to access.

Advanced-level Node JS interview questions

1. What are the attributes of package.json.
   Name, version, summary, home page, author, contributors, list of dependencies, repository type and URL, the principal entry point of the package, and keywords. 
   
   
2. What is an error-first callback in Node JS?
   We must confirm that the code was executed without errors if we want to ensure that it is functioning properly. Error-first callbacks are used in this situation.  They convey the error first and then any relevant data after that.
   
   
3. What is npm?
   npm stands for Node Package Manager. Here are the two main functions of npm: 
   1. Online repositories for Node JS packages/modules which are searchable on ‘search.Nodejs.org’.
   2. Version management, command line utility to install packages, and dependency management of Node JS packages.
      
      
4. What is the role of assert in Node JS?
   Writing tests is possible using the Node JS Assert. When your test is run, it doesn’t give you any feedback unless it fails. Invariants can be tested using the assert module’s straightforward set of assertion tests. Although the module is meant to be used internally by Node JS, require (‘assert’) allows it to be incorporated into application code.
   
   Sample syntax:
   var assert = require(‘assert’);    
   function add (a, b) {    
   return a + b;    
   }    
   var expected = add(1,2);    
   assert( expected === 3, ‘one plus two is three’);    
   
   
5. What is the Punycode in Node JS?
   To translate a Unicode (UTF-8) string of characters into an ASCII string of characters, developers use the Punycode encoding syntax. 
   
   It is included with Node JS versions 0.6.2 and beyond. Use npm to first install the Punycode module if you wish to use it with different Node JS versions. To access it, use the need (‘Punycode’) command.
   
   Here is the sample syntax:
   punycode = require(‘punycode’);  
   
   
6. What is an EventEmitter in Node JS? 
   An EventEmitter is a class in Node JS that contains all the objects that can emit events. This action can be done by utilizing the ‘eventEmitter.on()’ function to attach named events that the object emits. As a result, synchronous calls to the attached functions are made whenever this object throws an event.
   
   Here is an example:
   const EventEmitter = require(‘events’);  
   class MyEmitter extends EventEmitter {}  
   const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();  
   myEmitter.on(‘event’, () => {  
   console.log(‘an event occurred!’);  
   });  
   myEmitter.emit(‘event’);  
   
   
7. What is the use of the crypto module in Node JS?
   To offer users cryptographic functionalities, Node JS uses the crypto module. This function gives users access to a wide range of wrappers for carrying out different operations including cipher, decipher, signature, and hashing. 
   
   Related post: 12 Best Node js Frameworks for 2023
   
   
8. What is a passport in Node JS?
   Node JS includes the frequently used middleware Passport. It can be incorporated into any Express.js based web application and is generally used for authentication. 
   
   
9. How does the DNS lookup function work in Node JS?
   The IPv4 or IPv6 record is returned by the DNS lookup method using the web address as an input. 
   
   Further parameters, such as the choices, determine whether the input is an object or an integer. Both IPv4 and IPv6 are taken into account if nothing is specified here. The callback function’s third parameter is for that function.
   
   Here is the sample syntax:
   dns.lookup(address, options, callback)
   
   
10. What is ‘module.exports’ in Node JS?
    Two functions are made accessible and placed in a practical context using the ‘module.exports’ function. An object used to contain relative code in a single snippet is called a module. You may think of this as an operation to consolidate all functions into a single file.

So, how should you start preparing for Node JS interview questions?

Node JS is a popular server-side technology used by many businesses globally. Therefore, it’s a good idea to prepare and brush up on your interview skills in advance if you’re getting ready for a career move and have an approaching job interview. 

Visit Turing.com if you’re looking for remote, high-paying jobs with a US company. With Turing, you can find your dream jobs in React, Node, Python, Angular, Swift, React Native, Android, Java, Rails, Golang, DevOps, ML, Data Engineers, and much more.

FAQs

1. What is Node JS mainly used for?
   Due to its single-threaded nature, Node JS is typically used for non-blocking, event-driven servers. Although Node JS was created with real-time, push-based architectures in mind, it is utilized for conventional web pages and back-end API services. 
   
   
2. Which are the common Node JS interview questions? 
   Here are a few common Node JS interview questions:
   1. What is Node JS?
   2. How does Node JS work?
   3. Why is Node JS single-threaded?
   4. Explain Asynchronous and Non-blocking.
   5. What is  REPL?
      
      
3. How do I prepare for a Node interview? 
   Cover all crucial topics, including Node.js installation on Windows and Linux, event loop, OS, path, URL, DNS, Net, REPL, package manager, callbacks, UDP, process, query string, cryptography, debugger, file systems, global objects, child processes, buffers, streams, and web modules before the Node JS interview.